Abstract: Initial reduction temperature of an SOC is kept higher than the highest intended operation temperature of the SOC to keep the electrolyte under compression by the Anode Support at all temperatures equal to and below the maximum intended operation temperature.

Abstract: A liquid measuring cell for measuring optical properties of liquids, with a measuring chamber (16), which is adjoined on one side by a transparent window (11), and with a reflector (30) disposed on the opposite side of the measuring chamber (16), which reflects the light striking it toward the outside through the measuring chamber (16) and the window (11), is particularly easy to clean and permits favorably reproducible measurements if another transparent window (33) is disposed between the reflector (30) and the measuring chamber (16) and this window (33) adjoins the measuring chamber (16) on the other side.

Abstract: In a process for measuring the potential difference between a flow of sample liquid delivered by pumping and a reference electrolyte in which the sample flow is brought into contact with a reference electrode, the reference electrode contains a capillary channel, which extends substantially at right angles to the sample flow. The reference electrolyte is pumped at right angles to the capillary channel over its open end and the pumping of the flow of sample liquid and the flow of reference electrolyte starts and finishes simultaneously.