Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Abstract: A purpose of this invention is allow sensors to be placed at locations as close to a region of interest as possible, i.e. a few tenths of a millimeter from a probe, the target material and each other. The invention allows the user to reproduce and actively follow these locations from a remote location and at a distance, connected with to the locations with an arbitrary length of single mode optical fiber cable, and perform the sensor functions in a controlled environment using the sensor of choice without affecting the experiment.

Abstract: Tuning of an optical resonator, e.g., a Fabry-Perot resonant etalon, is carried out. The length of the resonator is actively controlled through the frequency of an identical length microwave resonant cavity. The length is tunable over a several micron range with the precision and stability of the microwave source frequency.

Abstract: The invention describes a new method of tuning a Fabry-Perot resonant etalon, whose length is actively controlled through the frequency of an identical length microwave resonant cavity. The length is tunable over a several micron range with the precision and stability of the microwave source frequency.

Abstract: The invention describes a new method of tuning a Fabry-Perot resonant etalon, whose length is actively controlled through the frequency of an identical length microwave resonant cavity. The length is tunable over a several micron range with the precision and stability of the microwave source frequency.

Abstract: A purpose of this invention is allow sensors to be placed at locations as close to a region of interest as possible, i.e. a few tenths of a millimeter from a probe, the target material and each other. The invention allows the user to reproduce and actively follow these locations from a remote location and at a distance, connected with to the locations with an arbitrary length of single mode optical fiber cable, and perform the sensor functions in a controlled environment using the sensor of choice without affecting the experiment.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are disclosed for detecting an atomic structure of a sample along a surface thereof. The method comprises arranging the sample in a constant magnetic field (B.sub.0) of predetermined field strength and high homogeneity and irradiating a high-frequency magnetic field (B.sub.1) of a predetermined frequency on the sample, wherein the fields (B.sub.0) and (B.sub.1) are oriented perpendicularly to each other. The method further comprises providing a force-sensitive sensor having a paramagnetic tip comprising a paramagnetic material. The sensor is placed in close vicinity to the sample such that the paramagnetic tip is in atomic interaction with the sample surface which means that the distance between the tip and the surface is in the order of between 1 and 10 .ANG.. The predetermined field strength and the predetermined frequency are set such that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is excited within the tip paramagnetic material.

Abstract: A pulsed electron spin resonance spectrometer is provided with a first microwave oscillator for generating measuring signals of a high microwave frequency of about 80 GHz or above. A second microwave oscillator generates auxiliary signals at a lower microwave frequency of about 12 GHz or below. A first mixer generates mixed signals by mixing a measuring signal with an auxiliary signal. A pulse shaping channel generates pulsed mixed signals having a pulse length sufficient for carrying out pulsed electron spin resonance experiments. Moreover, a measuring resonator is provided to which the pulsed mixed signals are applied. A second mixer generates an output signals of a lower microwave frequency by mixing the mixed signal outputted from the measuring resonator with a signal being derived from the first microwave oscillator. A pulse shaping channel is switched between the second microwave oscillator and the first mixer.

Abstract: A method and a device for tuning a HF source, which oscillates at a basic frequency, to a narrow-band component, in particular for tuning a microwave source 61 of an electron spin resonance spectrometer to a resonator 62. In order to mutually tune the resonance frequency F.sub.R of the resonator 62 and the basic frequency f.sub.O of the source 61, the output signal of the source 61 is mixed in a mixer 64 with a sweep signal of an oscillator 65. The behavior of the resonator 62 is observed on a visual display unit 67, via a detector 68, in the form of what is called a "mode curve", and the source 61 is re-tuned so that two dips in the mode curve are brought into coincidence.

Abstract: An electron spin resonance spectrometer comprises a resonator arranged in a magnetic field of constant strength and high homogeneity and containing a sample. The resonator can be supplied, via a microwave bridge, with high-power microwave energy in the form of an intermittent signal. Measuring signals emitted by the resonator can be supplied to detector arrangements and signal evaluation arrangements. In order to be able to cut a pulse-shaped output signal of the microwave power amplifier off sharply at its trailing edge, the attenuator is designed as a switching stage comprising a circulator whose input is connected to the output of the microwave power amplifier. A subsequent circulator connection is wired up to a series connection comprising a microwave switching diode that can be switched via a control input and a waveguide termination, and another subsequent circulator connection is connected to the microwave bridge (FIG. 10).

Abstract: An electron spin resonance spectrometer comprises a resonator arranged in a magnetic field of constant strength and high homogeneity and containing a sample. The resonator can be supplied, via a microwave bridge, with microwave energy in the form of a continuous-wave signal (CW) or in the form of an intermittent signal (P). Measuring signals emitted by the resonator can be supplied to a detector arrangement and a signal evaluation arrangement. In order to be able to carry out individual experiments with continuous-wave signals or intermittent signals of low power or with intermittent signals of high power in arbitrary combination and with an arbitrary succession of microwave pulses, the spectrometer comprises a first channel for supplying a continuous-wave signal or an intermittent signal of small power in the mW range and a second channel for supplying an intermittent signal of high power in the W range. The channels are connected by their inputs to a common microwave source and united at their outputs.