Abstract: Low-color or white, dilutable condensation products of formaldehyde and phenol in molar ratios of 1.9-5.0:1, characterized by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra as having at least about 30 molar percent of the total formaldehyde content of the resin bound to phenol nuclei in benzyl formal groups of the form Ph--(CH.sub.2 O).sub.n --CH.sub.2 OH wherein n.gtoreq.1, and less than about 40 molar percent of the total formaldehyde content of the resin bound to phenol nuclei in methylol groups of the form Ph--CH.sub.2 OH, wherein Ph is a phenol nucleus. Phenol, water and an alkaline catalyst, limited to 0.5-2.2 moles of catalyst per 100 moles of phenol and preferably lithium carbonate, are mixed with formaldehyde at 1.9-5.0 formaldehyde to phenol ratios. The reaction mixture is heated at a uniform rate over 1 hour to reflux temperature and refluxed until a viscosity of 400-500 centipoise at 50-75% solids is attained. The mixture is cooled to 50.degree. C.

Abstract: A wet weather resistant binder composition and method, for adhering a plant treatment additive formulation that is substantially water-insoluble such as an insecticide, pesticide or ruminant repellent to plant foliage, is described. The binder composition is a dry powder mixture of a water-soluble polymer having a cis diol structure such as polyvinyl alcohol at about 30-70 weight percent and a water-soluble inorganic metal salt such as borax or chromic nitrate at about 2-10 weight percent, weight percentages based on the combined weight of the binder composition and additive formulation. The binder composition is dry-mixed with a dry powdered plant treatment formulation and broadcast onto plant foliage wherein, upon contact with water either already on the foliage or in subsequent rains, the binder composition dissolves and reacts to form an insoluble didiol complex matrix in which the insoluble additive formulation is bound and adhered onto the foliage to be treated.

Abstract: A method for discouraging ruminants from browsing edible material normally eaten by such ruminants comprises contacting the material and/or the region adjacent such material with a repellent composition. The repellent composition contains as the active repellent ingredient an aliphatic aldehyde, preferably having from six to twelve carbon atoms. The repellent composition can also be applied to the material as a repellent-producing composition that is an oxidation precursor of the aliphatic aldehyde.

Abstract: A method for discouraging ruminants from browsing edible material normally eaten by such ruminants comprises contacting the material and/or the region adjacent such material with a repellent composition. The repellent composition contains as the active repellent ingredient an aliphatic aldehyde, preferably having from six to 12 carbon atoms. The repellent composition can also be applied to the material as a repellent-producing composition that is an oxidation precursor of the aliphatic aldehyde.

Abstract: A ruminant repellent is a composition which, when applied directly to or applied to the area surrounding edible material such as living plants, discourages ruminant animals from browsing such edible material. The ruminant repellent of the invention comprises a composition of matter containing a phospholipid as an active repellent ingredient. Phospholipids extracted from animal or plant lipoidal material contain the active repellent material which effectively discourages browsing by ruminants. Within the phospholipid fraction, lecithin and cephalin are active repellent components. Examples of phospholipid source materials which can be applied to edible material to effectively repel ruminants are unputrefied whole eggs, dried, powdered whole eggs, unputrefied egg yolk, and lipoidal material derived from ground shellfish and fish (such as shrimp or anchovy). If desired, preservatives can be added to the repellent composition to prevent or delay putrefaction in order to form a long lasting product.

Abstract: A ruminant repellent composition effective to discourage browsing of edible material, especially living vegetable matter, is the decomposition product of a lipoidal material admixed with a lipolytic enzyme. One such composition is produced by admixing fish, such as whole salmon, with a source of lipolytic enzyme, such as visceral enzyme from feeding fish, or pancreatic enzyme derived from hog or beef pancreas. The effectiveness of the mixture can be increased by admixing additional lipoidal material such as fish oil, for example, tuna oil with the fish prior to decomposition. The active portion of the decomposition product of the lipoidal material and the lipolytic enzyme can be extracted with a water immiscible, organic solvent, such as dichloromethane, to separate the water soluble phytotoxins present in the decomposition product and to concentrate the active ruminant repellent components from the decomposition product.