Abstract: A method of preparing M-N—C catalysts utilizing a sacrificial support approach and inexpensive and readily available polymer precursors as the source of nitrogen and carbon is disclosed. Exemplary polymer precursors include non-porphyrin precursors with no initial catalytic activity. Examples of suitable non-catalytic non-porphyrin precursors include, but are not necessarily limited to low molecular weight precursors that form complexes with iron such as 4-aminoantipirine, phenylenediamine, hydroxysuccinimide, ethanolamine, and the like.

Abstract: A method of preparation of metal-chalcogen-nitrogen-carbon (M-Ch-N—C) catalytic material utilizing a sacrificial support approach and using inexpensive and readily available precursors is described. Furthermore, the catalytic materials synthesized using the disclosed methods include multiple types of active sites.

Abstract: A method of preparing M-N—C catalysts utilizing a sacrificial support approach and inexpensive and readily available polymer precursors as the source of nitrogen and carbon is disclosed. Exemplary polymer precursors include those that do not form complexes with iron, but which do complex with silica, for example, polyetheleneimine (PEI), Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), Poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride), Poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde), Poly[[6-[(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)amino]-s-triazine-2,4-diyl]-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)imino]-hexamethylene-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)imino] and the like.

Abstract: A method of preparing M-N—C catalysts utilizing a sacrificial support approach and inexpensive and readily available polymer precursors as the source of nitrogen and carbon is disclosed. Exemplary polymer precursors include non-porphyrin precursors with no initial catalytic activity. Examples of suitable non-catalytic non-porphyrin precursors include, but are not necessarily limited to low molecular weight precursors that form complexes with iron such as 4-aminoantipirine, phenylenediamine, hydroxysuccinimide, ethanolamine, and the like.

Abstract: A method of preparing M-N-C catalysts utilizing a sacrificial support approach and inexpensive and readily available polymer precursors as the source of nitrogen and carbon is disclosed. Exemplary polymer precursors include those that do not form complexes with iron, but which do complex with silica, for example, polyetheleneimine (PEI), Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), Poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride), Poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde), Poly[[6-[(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)amino]-s-triazine-2,4-diyl]-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)imino]-hexamethylene-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)imino] and the like.

Abstract: A method of preparation of metal-chalcogen-nitrogen-carbon (M-Ch-N—C) catalytic material utilizing a sacrificial support approach and using inexpensive and readily available precursors is described. Furthermore, the catalytic materials synthesized using the disclosed methods include multiple types of active sites.

Abstract: Methods for forming novel fuel cell catalysts are described. The catalyst has a physical structure that is the inverse image of a plurality of hierarchically structured sacrificial support particles. The particles may be formed independently and then infused with one or more transitional metallic salts and nitrogen carbon precursors, or the sacrificial support precursors, transitional metallic salts, and nitrogen carbon precursors may all be combined in such a way that a hierarchically structured sacrificial support with the infused transitional metallic salts and nitrogen carbon precursors is formed in a single step. The infused sacrificial support is then pyrolized, at least once, and the sacrificial support is removed, resulting in the catalyst.

Abstract: A method of determining individual velocity associated with one or more molecular species moving through a fluid medium involves obtaining multiple temporal images of the one or more species moving through the medium, analyzing the temporal images using multivariate image analysis to obtain temporal profiles of principal components, and determining individual velocity of the one or more species using the temporal profiles. Multiple species can be identified using the one or more individual velocities or ratio thereof.

Abstract: A method of determining individual velocity associated with one or more molecular species moving through a fluid medium involves obtaining multiple temporal images of the one or more species moving through the medium, analyzing the temporal images using multivariate image analysis to obtain temporal profiles of principal components, and determining individual velocity of the one or more species using the temporal profiles. Multiple species can be identified using the one or more individual velocities or ratio thereof.