Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for determining localization information for sources of seismic energy positioned below a ground surface. In accord with one series of embodiments, a method of determining localization information receives data from first seismic sensors in a first three dimensional array containing sensors emplaced below the ground surface and coherently processes the signals to provide three dimensional localization information that enables determination of an angle of arrival for a signal of interest. In combination with data from second seismic sensors in a second three dimensional array the method provides determination of a position in three dimensional space.