Abstract: Process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor, where the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride is removed by means of water which circulates in the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where (i) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to an operating temperature in the range from 350 to 420° C. in a heating-up phase and (ii) hydrogen chloride is reacted with oxygen in an operating phase at the operating temperature, wherein (i-1) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to a temperature below the operating temperature in a first heating-up phase and (i-2) hydrogen chloride and oxygen are fed into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacted in a second heating-up phase in which the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to the operating temperature by the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas distributor nozzle (25) comprising a gas feed (1) directed vertically upwards and a float (13) with which an outlet orifice out of the gas feed (1) may be closed if no gas is flowing, wherein the float (13) has a center of gravity which is below a point of force application of the gas flow. The invention further comprises a reactor with a solid bed and at least one gas distributor nozzle (25).

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas distributor nozzle (25) comprising a gas feed (1) directed vertically upwards and a float (13) with which an outlet orifice out of the gas feed (1) may be closed if no gas is flowing, wherein the float (13) has a center of gravity which is below a point of force application of the gas flow. The invention further comprises a reactor with a solid bed and at least one gas distributor nozzle (25).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for carrying out endothermic reactions comprising the method steps of: a) externally heating at least two reaction tubes (5), wherein the reaction tubes (5) have been arranged vertically in a heating chamber (3) and each of the reaction tubes (5) has been at least partially packed with a fluidizable material, b) introducing at least one gaseous reactant (R) into the reaction tubes (5), c) forming a fluidized bed (7) in the reaction tubes (5), d) carrying out the endothermic reaction in the reaction tubes (5) at a first temperature (T1) and a first pressure (P1), wherein the reaction volume has been distributed over at least two of the reaction tubes (5), and e) discharging the reaction product (P) from the reaction tubes (5).

Abstract: A process for preparing chlorine by gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride over a heterogeneous, particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor to give a product gas mixture which is freed of entrained catalyst particles in cyclones (1) which are arranged in the upper region of the fluidized-bed reactor, which comprises a cylindrical upper part (2) which has a tangential or spiral-shaped inlet (3) for the product gas mixture and tapers at its lower end via a conical section (4) into a cyclone downcomer tube (5) and also a central downward-extending tube (6) in the upper region of the cyclone (1) for discharging the product gas mixture which has been freed of entrained catalyst particles, wherein from one to seven cascades of in each case from two to five cyclones (1) connected in series are used, with the cyclones (1) of each cascade, with the exception of the first cyclone (1) through which flow occurs in each case, which is designed so that about 90 to 99% by weight of the entrained catalyst particles ar

Abstract: Process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride by means of oxygen in the presence of a particulate catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor, where the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride is removed by means of water which circulates in the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where (i) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to an operating temperature in the range from 350 to 420° C. in a heating-up phase and (ii) hydrogen chloride is reacted with oxygen in an operating phase at the operating temperature, wherein (i-1) the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to a temperature below the operating temperature in a first heating-up phase and (i-2) hydrogen chloride and oxygen are fed into the fluidized-bed reactor and reacted in a second heating-up phase in which the fluidized-bed reactor is heated up to the operating temperature by the heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation of hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for carrying out endothermic, heterogeneously catalyzed reactions in which the reaction of the starting materials is carried out in the presence of a mixture of inert heat transfer particles and catalyst particles, where the catalyst particles are regenerated in a nonoxidative atmosphere at regular intervals and the heat of reaction required is introduced by separating off the inert heat transfer particles, heating the heat transfer particles in a heating zone and recirculating the heated heat transfer particles to the reaction zone. The process of the invention is particularly suitable for the nonoxidative dehydroaromatization of C1-C4-aliphatics in the presence of zeolite-comprising catalysts.

Abstract: A process for preparing chlorine by oxidation of hydrogen chloride in the presence of a heterogeneous particulate catalyst by the Deacon process in a fluidized-bed reactor (1), in which the heat of reaction is removed by evaporative cooling by means of water which circulates in the tubes (2) of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, with the water being fed from a steam drum (4) via a feed line (5) to the tubes (2) of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger at one end of these, being heated in the tubes (2) by uptake of the heat of reaction and partly vaporizing to give a water/steam mixture which at the other end of the tubes (2) of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is recirculated via a return line (6) to the steam drum (4), wherein the maximum pressure for which the fluidized-bed reactor (1) has to be designed to allow for the event of rupture of a tube (2) of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is minimized by a valve (7) which in the event of a pressure increase as a result of rupture of a tube (2) closes the feed lin