Abstract: An ion exchange membrane according to the present disclosure is provided with: a cation exchange composition body that is composed of cation exchange resin particles and a binder resin; and an anion exchange composition body that is composed of anion exchange resin particles and a binder resin. At least one of the cation exchange composition body and the anion exchange composition body is configured to contain a thermally infusible additive.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell according to the present disclosure includes a casing provided with an inflow port and an outflow port, a bipolar membrane laminated body in which two or more bipolar membranes are laminated so as to be opposed, electrodes disposed so as to sandwich the bipolar membrane laminated body, and a first diffusion member disposed between the inflow port and the bipolar membrane laminated body, and provided with through holes communicating between the inflow port and the bipolar membrane laminated body. The first diffusion member is formed such that each of the through holes provided in a peripheral edge portion has a larger opening area than an opening area of the through holes provided in a central portion. This can uniformize a flow of water, so that water treatment can be efficiently executed.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane is provided with a first cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group and is formed in a sheet form; a first anion exchange composition which is disposed to be in contact with the first cation exchange composition, has an anion exchange group, and is formed in a sheet form. Furthermore, the ion exchange membrane is provided with a second cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first cation exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first cation exchange composition; and a second anion exchange composition which has an anion exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first anion exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first anion exchange composition.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell according to the present disclosure includes a casing provided with an inflow port and an outflow port, a bipolar membrane laminated body in which two or more bipolar membranes are laminated so as to be opposed, electrodes disposed so as to sandwich the bipolar membrane laminated body, and a first diffusion member disposed between the inflow port and the bipolar membrane laminated body, and provided with through holes communicating between the inflow port and the bipolar membrane laminated body. The first diffusion member is formed such that each of the through holes provided in a peripheral edge portion has a larger opening area than an opening area of the through holes provided in a central portion. This can uniformize a flow of water, so that water treatment can be efficiently executed.

Abstract: A water treatment apparatus of the present disclosure includes an electrochemical cell provided with an inlet and an outlet, a power supply that supplies electric power to electrodes, a first water flow path connected with the inlet, a second water flow path connected with the outlet, a soft water supply unit that feeds soft water to the inlet, and a flow adjustor that regulates a flow rate of water passing through the second water flow path. The water treatment apparatus further includes a controller that controls electric power supplied from the power supply to the electrodes, the flow rate of water passing through the second water flow path by use of the flow adjustor, and soft water fed to the inlet by use of the soft water supply unit when a process for regenerating the electrochemical cell is executed. As a result, the apparatus can reduce the hardness and electric conductivity of water fed into the electrochemical cell during regeneration of an ion exchange membrane and restrain scale formation.

Abstract: An ion exchanger includes a sheet-shaped positive ion exchanger 2 in which binder particles 5 and positive ionic exchange resin particles 4 are mixed with each other, and a sheet-shaped porous negative ion exchanger 3 in which binder particles 7 and negative ionic exchange resin particles 6 are mixed with each other, the positive ion exchanger 2 and the negative ion exchanger 3 are bonded to each other to form an interface, and capacity of the negative ion exchanger 3 is greater than that of the positive ion exchanger 2. Therefore, the porous ion exchanger 1 is formed and absorbing ability of ion is increased, capacity of the negative ion exchanger 3 is made greater than that of the positive ion exchanger 2, regenerating ability of the ion exchanger with respect to absorbing ability of ion can be secured, and ion absorption and regeneration processing is carried out efficiently.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane is provided with a first cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group and is formed in a sheet form; a first anion exchange composition which is disposed to be in contact with the first cation exchange composition, has an anion exchange group, and is formed in a sheet form. Furthermore, the ion exchange membrane is provided with a second cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first cation exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first cation exchange composition; and a second anion exchange composition which has an anion exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first anion exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first anion exchange composition.

Abstract: An ion exchanger includes a sheet-shaped positive ion exchanger 2 in which binder particles 5 and positive ionic exchange resin particles 4 are mixed with each other, and a sheet-shaped porous negative ion exchanger 3 in which binder particles 7 and negative ionic exchange resin particles 6 are mixed with each other, the positive ion exchanger 2 and the negative ion exchanger 3 are bonded to each other to form an interface, and capacity of the negative ion exchanger 3 is greater than that of the positive ion exchanger 2. Therefore, the porous ion exchanger 1 is formed and absorbing ability of ion is increased, capacity of the negative ion exchanger 3 is made greater than that of the positive ion exchanger 2, regenerating ability of the ion exchanger with respect to absorbing ability of ion can be secured, and ion absorption and regeneration processing is carried out efficiently.

Abstract: A water heater includes a hot water tank 57, a hot water-supplying heat exchanger 52, a water-entering conduit 64, a hot water-issuing conduit 65, entering-water temperature detecting device 67, control device 83 and scale suppressing device 76. The scale suppressing device 76 includes an inlet connection port 77 and an outlet connection port 78 which can be attached to and detached from the water-entering conduit 64. The control device 83 changes an entering-water set temperature T1 at which a heating operation is completed depending upon whether or not the scale suppressing device 76 is mounted. Therefore, a lifetime of a scale inhibitor is increased, and it is possible to reduce maintenance and maintenance costs required when the scale inhibitor is replaced or replenished.

Abstract: A PTC resistor according to the present invention comprises at least one PTC composition which comprises at least one resin and at least two conductive materials. The at least two conductive materials comprises at least two conductive materials different from each other. The at least one PTC composition may comprise a first PTC composition which comprises a first resin and at least one first conductive material and a second PTC composition which is compounded with the first PTC composition and comprises a second resin and at least one second conductive material. The at least one first conductive material is at least partially different from the at least one second conductive material. One of the first resin and the second resin may comprise a reactant resin and a reactive resin which is cross-linked with the reactant resin. The PTC resistor may comprise a flame retardant agent. The PTC resistor may comprise a liquid-resistant resin.

Abstract: A polymer heating element includes an electrically insulating base substrate, at least a pair of electrodes made of a plurality of thin metal wires formed on the electrically insulating base substrate, a polymer resistor which is not in direct contact with the pair of electrodes and which has PTC characteristics, and conductive layers which are in contact with both the electrodes and the polymer resistor. The conductive layers include at least a resin component, a conductor component and an additive component.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a polymer resistor capable of being formed thin and exhibiting low resistance, thereby providing a polymer heating element in which the flexibility and usability and reliability of a planar heating element at the time of attachment to an appliance are improved while reducing the cost. The polymer heating element includes an electrically insulating base substrate 2, at least a pair of electrodes 3, 3? made of a plurality of thin metal wires formed on the electrically insulating base substrate 2, a polymer resistor 4 which is not in direct contact with the pair of electrodes 3, 3? and which has PTC characteristics, and conductive layers 5, 5? which are in contact with both the electrodes 3, 3? and the polymer resistor 4, in which the conductive layers 5, 5? include at least a resin component, a conductor component and an additive component.

Abstract: The sheet heating element according to the present invention comprises a substrate sheet made of an electrically insulative material and lines made of electrically conductive materials and arranged with a distance between them on the substrate sheet. The sheet heating element further comprises at least one PTC resistor sheet being in electrical contact with the lines and configured to heat up in a self-regulated manner in response to a supply of electricity from the lines. The at least one PTC resistor sheet may comprise a flame retardant agent and/or a liquid-resistant resin. The sheet heating element according to the present invention has excellent flexibility, durability, and reliability, as well as low manufacturing cost. When the sheet heating element of the present invention is used in a car seat heater or in a steering wheel heater, the passenger feels comfortable when seated thereon, and the driver feels comfortable when touching the steering wheel.

Abstract: A PTC resistor according to the present invention comprises at least one PTC composition which comprises at least one resin and at least two conductive materials. The at least two conductive materials comprises at least two conductive materials different from each other. The at least one PTC composition may comprise a first PTC composition which comprises a first resin and at least one first conductive material and a second PTC composition which is compounded with the first PTC composition and comprises a second resin and at least one second conductive material. The at least one first conductive material is at least partially different from the at least one second conductive material. One of the first resin and the second resin may comprise a reactant resin and a reactive resin which is cross-linked with the reactant resin. The PTC resistor may comprise a flame retardant agent. The PTC resistor may comprise a liquid-resistant resin.

Abstract: The seating element has an electrically insulative substrate, a pair of electrodes disposed on the substrate, and a polymer resistor electrically connected to the electrodes. The polymer resistor includes resin composition cross-linked via one of oxygen atom and nitrogen atom, and at least one of fibrous conductor and flake-like conductor mixed in the resin composition.

Abstract: To provide a gas sensor and a method of sensing the gas concentrations which are capable of a battery drive through low power consumption and highly reliable, the gas sensor in which an electromotive force type gas sensor element is formed on a substrate, wherein the electromotive force type gas sensor element has a heating element formed on the substrate, a layer of solid electrolyte formed with an insulating layer interposed on the heating element and two electrodes formed on the solid electrolyte and is characterized in that the substrate is a heat-resistant glass base substrate.

Abstract: A harmonic injection point a is set on a power line extending downstream from a harmonic measuring point b in an electric power system. The currents of interharmonics are injected to the harmonic injection point a by a current injection device. The frequencies of the interharmonics are located on both sides of the frequency of an n-th targeted harmonic in frequency spectrum and each of the frequencies is a nonintegral multiple of the frequency of a fundamental wave of an electric power transmitted by the electric power system. The current values and voltage values of the interharmonics at the harmonic measuring point are detected to thereby obtain admittance values of an equivalent circuit of a power line extending upstream from the harmonic measuring point b when the interharmonics flow therethrough. An admittance value of the equivalent circuit of the power line when the targeted harmonic flows therethrough is determined by interpolating the admittance values for the interharmonics.