Abstract: There is provided a communication apparatus including a voltage detection unit for detecting an antenna end voltage of a reader or a non-contact type IC card when non-contact communicating using a load modulation of the non-contact type IC card with respect to a magnetic field signal from the reader/writer; and a characteristics control unit for changing characteristics of the antenna of the reader/writer or the non-contact type IC card when the antenna end voltage detected by the voltage detection unit reaches a predetermined first threshold value.

Abstract: An arithmetic circuit includes: a detection unit that detects a code error for plural signals respectively modulated by different modulation methods and encoded by a predetermined encoding method; a measurement unit that measures a number of times of signal variations at a predetermined frequency or less generated in the plural signals in a period from detection of the code error in the detection unit to first detection of predetermined data contained in the plural signals with respect to each of the plural signals; and a selection unit that selects one signal from the plural signals based on a measurement result of the measurement unit.

Abstract: An arithmetic circuit includes: a detection unit that detects a code error for plural signals respectively modulated by different modulation methods and encoded by a predetermined encoding method; a measurement unit that measures a number of times of signal variations at a predetermined frequency or less generated in the plural signals in a period from detection of the code error in the detection unit to first detection of predetermined data contained in the plural signals with respect to each of the plural signals; and a selection unit that selects one signal from the plural signals based on a measurement result of the measurement unit.

Abstract: There is provided a communication apparatus including a voltage detection unit for detecting an antenna end voltage of a reader or a non-contact type IC card when non-contact communicating using a load modulation of the non-contact type IC card with respect to a magnetic field signal from the reader/writer; and a characteristics control unit for changing characteristics of the antenna of the reader/writer or the non-contact type IC card when The antenna end voltage detected by the voltage detection unit reaches a predetermined first threshold value.

Abstract: Provided are a dye sensitized metal oxide semiconductor electrode having a metal oxide semiconductor film that can adsorb a sufficient amount of dye due to a high specific surface area and exhibits high electrical conductivity due to tight contact of metal oxide particles, and a dye sensitized solar cell that exhibits high power generation efficiency by using this dye sensitized metal oxide semiconductor electrode. The dye sensitized metal oxide semiconductor electrode is produced by forming a metal oxide semiconductor film on a transparent conductive film formed on a substrate. A stock solution containing a metal oxide precursor is jetted onto the transparent conductive film by electrospinning. A nanofiber layer containing a metal oxide precursor is deposited on the transparent conductive film, and this deposited layer is fired.