Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for producing 2-halogenated benzoic acids, the method imparting high regioselectivity (high selectivity) and having a shorter reaction time than does the conventional reaction. This method for producing 2-halogenated benzoic acids, in order to achieve the above purpose, is characterized in that benzoic acids and a halogenating agent are reacted in the presence of an alkaline compound, making it possible to highly selectively obtain 2-halogenated benzoic acids.

Abstract: An element chip manufacturing method includes a preparation process of preparing a substrate which includes a first surface having an exposed bump and a second surface opposite to the first surface and includes a plurality of element regions defined by dividing regions, a bump embedding process of embedding at least a head top part of the bump into the adhesive layer, a mask forming process of forming a mask in the second surface. The method for manufacturing the element chip includes a holding process of arranging the first surface to oppose a holding tape supported on a frame and holding the substrate on the holding tape, a placement process of placing the substrate on a stage provided inside of a plasma processing apparatus through the holding tape, after the mask forming process and the holding process.

Abstract: Provided is a composition that is improved in terms of caking of a disulfide compound. Specifically, the present invention provides a composition containing 0.01 parts by mass or more of an anticaking agent per 100 parts by mass of a disulfide compound represented by formula (1) (wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-20 alkyl group, a hydroxy group, a C1-20 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom).

Abstract: An element chip manufacturing method includes a preparation process of preparing a substrate which includes a first surface provided with a bump and a second surface and includes a plurality of element regions defined by dividing regions, a bump embedding process of adhering a protection tape having an adhesive layer to the first surface and embedding. The element chip manufacturing method includes a thinning process of grinding the second surface in a state where the protection tape is adhered to the first surface and thinning the substrate, after the bump embedding process, a mask forming process of forming a mask in the second surface and exposes the dividing regions, after the thinning process, a holding process of arranging the first surface to oppose a holding tape supported on a frame and holding the substrate on the holding tape.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for producing 2-halogenated benzoic acids, the method imparting high regioselectivity (high selectivity) and having a shorter reaction time than does the conventional reaction. This method for producing 2-halogenated benzoic acids, in order to achieve the above purpose, is characterized in that benzoic acids and a halogenating agent are reacted in the presence of an alkaline compound, making it possible to highly selectively obtain 2-halogenated benzoic acids.

Abstract: An element chip manufacturing method includes a preparation process of preparing a substrate which includes a first surface provided with a bump and a second surface and includes a plurality of element regions defined by dividing regions, a bump embedding process of adhering a protection tape having an adhesive layer to the first surface and embedding. The element chip manufacturing method includes a thinning process of grinding the second surface in a state where the protection tape is adhered to the first surface and thinning the substrate, after the bump embedding process, a mask forming process of forming a mask in the second surface and exposes the dividing regions, after the thinning process, a holding process of arranging the first surface to oppose a holding tape supported on a frame and holding the substrate on the holding tape.

Abstract: An element chip manufacturing method includes a preparation process of preparing a substrate which includes a first surface having an exposed bump and a second surface opposite to the first surface and includes a plurality of element regions defined by dividing regions, a bump embedding process of embedding at least a head top part of the bump into the adhesive layer, a mask forming process of forming a mask in the second surface. The method for manufacturing the element chip includes a holding process of arranging the first surface to oppose a holding tape supported on a frame and holding the substrate on the holding tape, a placement process of placing the substrate on a stage provided inside of a plasma processing apparatus through the holding tape, after the mask forming process and the holding process.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide, with combination of a sulfolane compound and an organic alkanolamine compound, a sulfolane composition which is not likely to cause odor, can suppress pyrolysis of the sulfolane compound with a reduced amount of additives, and can reduce generation of sulfur dioxide. The present invention relates to a sulfolane composition containing a sulfolane compound represented by formula (1) and an organic alkanolamine compound, wherein R1 to R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group.

Abstract: There are here disclosed carbon fibers for reinforcement of cement which are obtained by applying, onto the surfaces of carbon fibers, esters of oleic acid and aliphatic monovalent alcohols, esters of oleyl alcohol and monovalent fatty acids, polyoxyalkylene bisphenol ethers or polyether esters as sizing agents, and a cement composite material having a bending strength of 300 kgf/cm.sup.2 or more which contains cut carbon fibers having a fiber length of 10 to 50 mm at a mixing volume ratio of the cut carbon fibers to the cement matrix in the range of 1 to 5%. According to the present invention, there are provided the carbon fibers for reinforcement of cement which have excellent adhesive properties to the cement, good process passage properties through a direct spray gun and good bundling properties and which are suitable for a direct spray method, and the cement composite material using the carbon fibers and having high bending strength.

Abstract: Reflectors each having a reflectance peak wavelength within a band of the wavelength characteristics of a laser amplification factor in the unsaturated state of each light source for excitation are provided between light sources for excitation and an optical coupler, and stable wavelength locking is effected by returning a portion of a small portion of excited light reflected by the reflectors into the light sources for excited light.

Abstract: This invention provides an optical amplifier which has low noise characteristics for a wide range of input signal electric power. The optical amplifier has a plurality of cascaded optical amplifying units, a signal level detector, and a pump-source controller. The pump-source controller changes controlling objects from a pump-source corresponding to a first one of the optical amplifying units to a pump-source corresponding to a second one of the optical amplifying units according to a detection level of the signal level detector from a low level to a high level. When the detection level is outside of a control object range, the optical amplifier controls an output from the pump-source to stabilize. When the detection level is within the control object range, the optical amplifier controls an output from a pump-source of each of optical amplifying units according to the detection level.

Abstract: There are here disclosed carbon fibers for reinforcement of cement which are obtained by applying, onto the surfaces of carbon fibers, esters of oleic acid and aliphatic monovalent alcohols, esters of oleyl alcohol and monovalent fatty acids, polyoxyalkylene bisphenol ethers or polyether esters as sizing agents, and a cement composite material having a bending strength of 300 kgf/cm.sup.2 or more which contains cut carbon fibers having a fiber length of 10 to 50 mm at a mixing volume ratio of the cut carbon fibers to the cement matrix in the range of 1 to 5%. According to the present invention, there are provided the carbon fibers for reinforcement of cement which have excellent adhesive properties to the cement, good process passage properties through a direct spray gun and good bundling properties and which are suitable for a direct spray method, and the cement composite material using the carbon fibers and having high bending strength.

Abstract: Carbon fiber rovings for reinforcement of concrete are here disclosed which are obtained by sizing, with a sizing agent, strands each consisting of 100 to 1,000 monofilaments of mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, and then bundling the thus sized 5 to 100 strands into one roving.

Abstract: A specific sizing agent comprising as the main component an adduct of mono- or poly-cyclic phenol with alkylene oxide is applied in a specified amount to the surface of a high-strength and high-elasticity carbon fiber or a precursor fiber thereof and then dried to prepare a reinforcing carbon fiber according to the present invention, which is then preformed into a fiber arrangement, impregnated with a precursor of matrix carbon, and carbonized to produce a high-strength and high-elasticity carbon-carbon composite material.

Abstract: High strength, high modulus carbon fibers derived from high mesophase content pitch, having a plurality of sheets formed of planes of hexagonal carbon networks oriented, in the direction of the fiber axis and having a cross-sectional arrangement which does not carbonize to a graphitic structure are characterized by electron and X-ray diffraction pattern wherein the (10) band is not resolved into (100) and (101) lines, by an interlayer spacing greater than 3.38 angstrom and by negative magnetic resistivity when composed to graphitized fibers.