Abstract: There are provided a membrane electrode assembly (1) formed by stacking an extraction electrode (6a, 6b), a catalyst layer (5a, 5b), and an electrolyte membrane (2) in this order and integrating the same, and a method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly (1) including the steps of forming an electrode base material by fixing the extraction electrode (6a, 6b) at one surface of a base, forming the catalyst layer (5a, 5b) on the extraction electrode (6a, 6b), and integrating the electrode base material having the catalyst layer (5a, 5b) formed thereon with the electrolyte membrane (2). By such a method, the membrane electrode assembly can be manufactured with high yield, with favorable electrical contact maintained between the catalyst layer and the extraction electrode, without their being pressed and fixed by clamping from outside. Accordingly, it is possible to implement a fuel battery that can produce high output and can be downsized.

Abstract: A device for deterring bird intrusion to a space includes permanent magnets mounted on a carrier supported at the space to be protected, the carrier being supported to be rotatable so the that by rotation of same, the bird deterring magnetic field established has intensity and/or orientation change, this with employment of a field with induction of abnormally high gauss level, creates a condition highly physiologically discomforting to a bird encountering the field and such much so that the bird leaves the space area and/or its environs.