Abstract: A fine particle detector includes: a casing part configured to accommodate an object to be heated; an electromagnetic wave generating part configured to generate electromagnetic waves of different frequencies; at least one power sensor configured to measure powers, from the casing part, of the electromagnetic waves that have entered into the casing part; and a fine particle detection controlling part configured to determine, based on the powers of the electromagnetic waves of the different frequencies measured by the at least one power sensor, whether an accumulated amount of fine particles accumulated in the object to be heated is greater than or equal to a predetermined accumulated amount.

Abstract: A disclosed microwave heating apparatus includes a casing part configured to accommodate an object to be heated; a microwave generator configured to generate a microwave; an electromagnetic wave generator configured to generate an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is different from that of the microwave; an electromagnetic wave sensor configured to measure power of the electromagnetic wave, the power of the electromagnetic wave being measured after the electromagnetic wave incident on the casing part from the electromagnetic wave generator has passed through the object to be heated; and a controller configured to control, based on the power measured in the electromagnetic wave sensor, the microwave generator to generate the microwave.

Abstract: A disclosed microwave heating apparatus includes a casing part configured to accommodate an object to be heated; a microwave generator configured to generate a microwave; an electromagnetic wave generator configured to generate an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is different from that of the microwave; an electromagnetic wave sensor configured to measure power of the electromagnetic wave, the power of the electromagnetic wave being measured after the electromagnetic wave incident on the casing part from the electromagnetic wave generator has passed through the object to be heated; and a controller configured to control, based on the power measured in the electromagnetic wave sensor, the microwave generator to generate the microwave.

Abstract: A fine particle detector includes an antenna, an electromagnetic wave generator configured to supply electromagnetic waves to the antenna, an electromagnetic wave detector configured to detect reflected waves of the electromagnetic waves emitted from the antenna, and a controller configured to estimate, based on intensities of the reflected waves detected by the electromagnetic wave detector, an accumulated amount of fine particles.

Abstract: A fine particle detector includes: a casing part configured to accommodate an object to be heated; an electromagnetic wave generating part configured to generate electromagnetic waves of different frequencies; at least one power sensor configured to measure powers, from the casing part, of the electromagnetic waves that have entered into the casing part; and a fine particle detection controlling part configured to determine, based on the powers of the electromagnetic waves of the different frequencies measured by the at least one power sensor, whether an accumulated amount of fine particles accumulated in the object to be heated is greater than or equal to a predetermined accumulated amount.

Abstract: A disclosed microwave heating apparatus includes a casing part configured to accommodate an object to be heated; a microwave generator configured to generate a microwave; an electromagnetic wave generator configured to generate an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is different from that of the microwave; an electromagnetic wave sensor configured to measure power of the electromagnetic wave, the power of the electromagnetic wave being measured after the electromagnetic wave incident on the casing part from the electromagnetic wave generator has passed through the object to be heated; and a controller configured to control, based on the power measured in the electromagnetic wave sensor, the microwave generator to generate the microwave.

Abstract: An electronic device includes an electronic component mounted on a substrate; a cooling system for cooling the electronic component; and a fastening structure for fastening the cooling system to the substrate. The fastening structure includes a first magnet provided to one of the substrate and the cooling system, a second magnetic material fixed to the other of the substrate and the cooling system and magnetically coupled with the first magnet, and a magnetic shield that covers a part or all of the first magnet except for a coupling face to be coupled with the second magnetic material.

Abstract: A measuring method of a battery includes the step of measuring frequency characteristics of an internal impedance of the battery by an AC impedance method, and determining a parameter of an element representing ease of mobility of charges on a surface of a positive electrode of the battery and that of an element representing the ease of mobility of charges on the surface of a negative electrode.

Abstract: An electronic device includes an electronic component mounted on a substrate; a cooling system for cooling the electronic component; and a fastening structure for fastening the cooling system to the substrate. The fastening structure includes a first magnet provided to one of the substrate and the cooling system, a second magnetic material fixed to the other of the substrate and the cooling system and magnetically coupled with the first magnet, and a magnetic shield that covers a part or all of the first magnet except for a coupling face to be coupled with the second magnetic material.

Abstract: A measuring method of a battery includes the step of measuring frequency characteristics of an internal impedance of the battery by an AC impedance method, and determining a parameter of an element representing ease of mobility of charges on a surface of a positive electrode of the battery and that of an element representing the ease of mobility of charges on the surface of a negative electrode.

Abstract: An optical circuit system which takes out at least a portion of the light of a light power source corresponding to at least one type of output voltage of an IC, board, multichip module, electronic element, or opto-electronic element and produces an optical signal, wherein the light power source is an optical waveguide into which light has been introduced, a waveguide laser, or a waveguide optical amplifier, light reflecting portions are provided at its ends and/or middle, a signal transmission waveguide is formed in contact with the side surface and/or top or bottom surface of the optical waveguide or in proximity to the same at a certain distance, and the optical signal corresponding to at least one type of output voltage of the IC, board, multichip module, electronic element, or opto-electronic element is made to propagate to the signal transmission waveguide, which optical circuit system is rich in flexibility and enables complicated optical interconnections to be handled, and components of the same.

Abstract: An optical circuit device is manufactured by forming an organic film formed on a substrate, and giving this organic film non-linear optical properties. An optical circuit device is formed containing an organic film formed on a substrate, wherein said film is either selectively formed on a portion of the region on a substrate or said film being formed over the entire region on a substrate, and a portion of a region of that film is either selectively formed to a thickness differing from other regions or selectively having a different structure. This optical circuit device can be manufactured to have various constitutions, and allows the formation of a multilayer optical circuit.

Abstract: An optical circuit system which takes out at least a portion of the light of a light power source corresponding to at least one type of output voltage of an IC, board, multichip module, electronic element, or opto-electronic element and produces an optical signal, wherein the light power source is an optical waveguide into which light has been introduced, a waveguide laser, or a waveguide optical amplifier, light reflecting portions are provided at its ends and/or middle, a signal transmission waveguide is formed in contact with the side surface and/or top or bottom surface of the optical waveguide or in proximity to the same at a certain distance, and the optical signal corresponding to at least one type of output voltage of the IC, board, multichip module, electronic element, or opto-electronic element is made to propagate to the signal transmission waveguide, which optical circuit system is rich in flexibility and enables complicated optical interconnections to be handled, and components of the same.

Abstract: A method of forming waveguides, refractive index distributions and optical couplings automatically by light incidence, and devices obtained thereby. A non-linear optical material which has excellent properties of a large degree of freedom for an optical circuit substrate composition, etc. is used for optical circuit devices and optical circuit substrates. A photoelectric device containing an organic conjugated polymer film is deposited on a substrate by vapor deposition polymerization as at least one function layer. An optical network is provided with optical wiring for exchanging signals between processing elements selected from electronic elements, electronic apparatuses, electrooptical elements and electrooptical apparatuses.

Abstract: A method of coupling optical parts including bonding the optical coupling faces of two optical waveguides by butting and fusing them. Also, a method for forming a refractive-index distribution having the focusing lens effect by setting the interval between the optical coupling faces of two optical parts to 0.1 mm or more, feeding a refractive-index imaging material also serving as an adhesive into the gap between the faces, and applying light to the refractive-index imaging material from the optical coupling face of at least one of the optical parts.

Abstract: An optical circuit device is manufactured by forming an organic film formed on a substrate, and giving this organic film non-linear optical properties. An optical circuit device is formed containing an organic film formed on a substrate, wherein said film is either selectively formed on a portion of the region on a substrate or said film being formed over the entire region on a substrate, and a portion of a region of that film is either selectively formed to a thickness differing from other regions or selectively having a different structure. This optical circuit device can be manufactured to have various constitutions, and allows the formation of a multilayer optical circuit.

Abstract: A method of forming a mirror in a waveguide, including the steps of forming a layer constituting a waveguide in a substrate and forming a mirror-finished surface at a boundary between a portion irradiated with radiation and a non-irradiated portion by obliquely irradiating a layer constituting the waveguide with radiation. The waveguide may be composed of a photosensitive material, and either the irradiated area on the non-irradiated area may be removed by solvent. The waveguide may be composed of a refractive index imaging material in which a refractive index distribution is formed by irradiation with radiation or the refractive index may be increased by heating the irradiated portion. The refractive index imaging material may include a catalyzer to assist in increasing the refractive index distribution of the irradiated area.

Abstract: A refractive-index imaging material which includes a binder made of either of a copolymer having acrylic epoxy, chain epoxy, organic denatured silicone, and ethylene unsaturated compound having a hydroxyl group in its end in the building block of the copolymer and a copolymer having any one of ethylene unsaturated compounds containing silicone in the building block of the copolymer, a photosensitive monomer made of a mixture including multifunctional acrylate or multifunctional methacrylate and an ethylene unsaturated monomer containing an aromatic ring or halogen and a photopolymerization initiator.

Abstract: A method for driving a surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display element uses a selection voltage, a half-selection voltage, and a non-selection voltage. A relative ratio between the selection voltage, half-selection voltage, and non-selection voltage of a drive signal is changed, or absolute levels of the selection voltage, half-selection voltage, and non-selection voltage are changed. Consequently, a plurality of gradations of the surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display element can be obtained.

Abstract: An active optical circuit sheet or active optical circuit board wherein an electro optical switch or optical modulator is driven with a voltage (SIGin) from an electronic device, the electrical signal (SIGin) is converted to an optical signal, transmitted and then converted to an electrical signal (SIGout) at an optical receiver element, and an electrical connection is formed between an optical wiring board and the electronic device for transmission of signals to another or the same electronic device, separating the electrical wiring at the electronic device end and the optical wiring at the optical wiring board end, or alternatively, SIGin and SIGout electrode pads are provided on the side of the optical wiring board on which the optical device is mounted or on the opposite side, for connection with the electronic device.