Abstract: A structure is given where the automatic transmission includes a planetary gear unit, a plurality of engagement elements to disconnect or fix elements of the planetary gear unit, a variable speed control that selects a low-speed forward gear as the vehicle first starts to move, a high-speed forward gear when the vehicle is moving forward, and a reverse gear when the vehicle is moving reverse by disconnecting or fixing the plurality of engagement elements. Embodiments may provide an advantage in layout by reducing a high-torque starting element and a forward/reverse shift element into a single planetary gear unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laser pulse controlling circuit that, when the laser device is driven with laser pulses having the first and the second illumination levels, causes the first and the second illumination level setting units to set the first and the second illumination levels corresponding to a predetermined ratio of the first illumination level to the second illumination level, wherein the laser pulse controlling circuit, based on regularity that the relation between: a manipulated variable for causing the second illumination level setting unit to execute adjustment of the second illumination level; and the inverse of the ratio, with reference to the first illumination level, is a straight line that necessarily passes one point for a predetermined first illumination level, and that the slope of the straight line is proportional to an arbitrary first illumination level, calculates the manipulated variable that is correlated with the first illumination level corresponding to the optical disk, and with the inverse

Abstract: A structure is given where the automatic transmission includes a planetary gear unit, a plurality of engagement elements to disconnect or fix elements of the planetary gear unit, a variable speed control that selects a low-speed forward gear as the vehicle first starts to move, a high-speed forward gear when the vehicle is moving forward, and a reverse gear when the vehicle is moving reverse by disconnecting or fixing the plurality of engagement elements. Embodiments may provide an advantage in layout by reducing a high-torque starting element and a forward/reverse shift element into a single planetary gear unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laser pulse controlling circuit that, when the laser device is driven with laser pulses having the first and the second illumination levels, causes the first and the second illumination level setting units to set the first and the second illumination levels corresponding to a predetermined ratio of the first illumination level to the second illumination level, wherein the laser pulse controlling circuit, based on regularity that the relation between: a manipulated variable for causing the second illumination level setting unit to execute adjustment of the second illumination level; and the inverse of the ratio, with reference to the first illumination level, is a straight line that necessarily passes one point for a predetermined first illumination level, and that the slope of the straight line is proportional to an arbitrary first illumination level, calculates the manipulated variable that is correlated with the first illumination level corresponding to the optical disk, and with the inverse