Abstract: [Problem] To provide an anonymous communication system which ensures anonymity, with which a user can be identified if necessary, and which has a high degree of social credibility. [Solution] A user computer 11 transmits to a management computer 21 electronically signed subscription application data signed using a first signature key capable of being used with another communication system. The management computer 21 verifies the electronic signature of the subscription application data using a first public key, and if the validity of the electronic signature can be verified, generates and encrypts a second signature key and transmits the encrypted second signature key to the user computer 11. The user computer 11 generates electronically signed receipt data that have been signed in duplicate using the first and second signature keys, and transmits the receipt data to the management computer 21.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide an anonymous communion ion system which ensures anonymity, with which a user can be identified if necessary, and which has a high degree of social credibility. [Solution] A user computer 11 transmits to a management computer 21 electronically signed subscription application data signed using a first signature key capable of being used with another communication system. The management computer 21 verifies the electronic signature of the subscription application data using a first public key, and if the validity of the electronic signature can be verified, generates and encrypts a second signature key and transmits the encrypted second signature key to the user computer 11. The user computer 11 generates electronically signed receipt data that have been signed in duplicate using the first and second signature keys, and transmits the receipt data to the management computer 21.

Abstract: A variable valve timing controller includes an intake-valve and an exhaust-valve. When the engine is started, the intake-valve and the exhaust-valve are operated in a first mode in which the exhaust-valve is closed before top dead center and then the intake-valve is opened. When a first predetermined condition is met, the intake-valve and the exhaust-valve are operated in a second mode in which the opening time of the intake-valve in the first mode is advanced before top dead center.

Abstract: There is provided a valve timing control apparatus for an engine, which comprises a variable valve mechanism capable of varying at least one of an opening timing of intake valves and a closing timing of exhaust valves in an engine, an elapsed time detecting device that detects a time period elapsed after cold-starting of the engine, and a timing control device that controls the variable valve mechanism. The timing control device provides advance angle control such that the opening timing of the intake valves and/or the closing timing of the exhaust valves is advanced to be earlier than an exhaust top dead center until the elapsed time period detected by the elapsed time detecting device has reached a predetermined time period.

Abstract: There is provided a valve timing control apparatus for an engine, which comprises a variable valve mechanism capable of varying at least one of an opening timing of intake valves and a closing timing of exhaust valves in an engine, an elapsed time detecting device that detects a time period elapsed after cold-starting of the engine, and a timing control device that controls the variable valve mechanism. The timing control device provides advance angle control such that the opening timing of the intake valves and/or the closing timing of the exhaust valves is advanced to be earlier than an exhaust top dead center until the elapsed time period detected by the elapsed time detecting device has reached a predetermined time period.

Abstract: An electronic control unit adjusts an electronic throttle valve to a starting opening in a cold start mode of an engine, then maintains the opening of the electronic throttle valve so that an engine rotational speed detected by a crank angle sensor increases to a target rotational speed, and increases the opening of the electronic throttle valve and retards an ignition timing if the engine rotational speed is increased above the target rotational speed.

Abstract: An idle speed control apparatus for an internal combustion engine is provided which, when the internal combustion engine is started in a cold mode, provides ignition timing engine speed control (m1) such that ignition timing in which said ignition driving device performs ignition in the internal combustion engine is retarded and the engine speed of the internal combustion engine is controlled to the target engine speed, and then provides intake air quantity engine speed control (m2) such that the engine speed of the internal combustion engine is feedback-controlled to the target engine speed by controlling the intake air quantity of the internal combustion engine. As a result, it is possible to prevent the exhaust gas temperature from being increased insufficiently due to a deficiency in retard angle, and to prevent the activation of a catalytic converter from being delayed.

Abstract: A variable valve timing controller includes an intake-valve and an exhaust-valve. When the engine is started, the intake-valve and the exhaust-valve are operated in a first mode in which the exhaust-valve is closed before top dead center and then the intake-valve is opened. And if a first predetermined condition is met, the intake-valve and the exhaust-valve are operated in a second mode in which the opening time of the intake-valve in the first mode is advanced before top dead center.

Abstract: An electronic control unit adjusts an electronic throttle valve to a starting opening in a cold start mode of an engine, then maintains the opening of the electronic throttle valve so that an engine rotational speed detected by a crank angle sensor increases to a target rotational speed, and increases the opening of the electronic throttle valve and retards an ignition timing if the engine rotational speed is increased above the target rotational speed.

Abstract: An idle speed control apparatus for an internal combustion engine is provided which, when the internal combustion engine is started in a cold mode, provides ignition timing engine speed control (m1) such that ignition timing in which said ignition driving device performs ignition in the internal combustion engine is retarded and the engine speed of the internal combustion engine is controlled to the target engine speed, and then provides intake air quantity engine speed control (m2) such that the engine speed of the internal combustion engine is feedback-controlled to the target engine speed by controlling the intake air quantity of the internal combustion engine. As a result, it is possible to prevent the exhaust gas temperature from being increased insufficiently due to a deficiency in retard angle, and to prevent the activation of a catalytic converter from being delayed.

Abstract: Compositions (I), (II) and (III) comprising compounds having vinyl groups as side chains and epoxidized compositions (XI), (XII) and (XIII) thereof, which can be prepared by the various reaction combinations of (a) with (b) or (b)+(c), and or (d), where(a) is at least one compound having at least one vinyl group and one epoxy group in the molecule; (b) is at least one of a polybasic compound, an anhydride thereof, a polymer having carboxylic groups at terminals and a polymer having carboxylic groups as side chains; (c) is at least one organic compound having at least one active hydrogen atom; and (d) is at east one of an unsaturated monocarboxylic compound or an unsaturated monocarboxylic ester having a hydroxyl group.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for controlling the air/fuel ratio of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes a sensor disposed in an exhaust system for detecting components of exhaust gas, a device for compulsorily changing the air/fuel ratio, another device for setting a first target value which gives a target air/fuel ratio to be compared with each output from the sensor, and a further device for controlling the air/fuel ratio, which has been compulsorily changed by the air/fuel ratio changing device, on the basis of the result of a comparison between the output and the first target value, whereby the average air/fuel ratio may be controlled to the first target air/fuel ratio. The first target value setting device includes an element for modifying the first target value to a second target value, which gives a leaner air/fuel ratio, in a specific operation state of the engine.