Abstract: An electrical machine includes at least one magnet that provides a dipole magnetic field having a primary direction. A plurality of elongate conductive members is spaced from one another in a plane perpendicular to this primary direction. The members extend radially away from a central axis parallel to this primary direction. The magnet(s) or the plurality of members is coupled to a shaft that rotates about the central axis whereby the members interact with the magnetic field during such rotation. At least one electrical circuit provides for electric current flow through the members during such rotation. In a generator mode, the shaft is driven by an external source, and the electrical circuit produces current flow during shaft rotation. In a motor mode, an external source supplies current flow through the circuit, which causes interaction between the members and the magnetic field produced by the magnet to rotate the shaft.

Abstract: A gear wrench includes a lever 10 having a handle 11 at a distal end and a sector pinion gear 13 at a proximal end, rotatable in a cavity 26 of a fixed jaw body 18 by means of a pivot 14. The teeth of the pinion engage the teeth of a rack 21 disposed on a sliding jaw 25 so that rotation thereof adjusts the working size of the wrench. The pivot 14 is tangential to the sliding surface 85 of the sliding jaw thereby to ensure gripping pressure and turning of an object as small as the wrench is designed for. A spacer 27 causes the teeth of the rack to engage the pinion unless it is displaced to allow the rack to withdraw to the rear of the pinion, thereby to adjust the relative positioning of the sliding jaw and the fixed jaw. Gripping surface inserts 51, 52 have threads 59, 66 on one side for pipes, and are smooth on the other side for fittings, nuts and bolts; the inserts are held in place by thumb screws 53, 54 and stabilized by tabs 60, 61, 70, 71.

Abstract: A wrench includes a fixed jaw (16) at one end of a handle (15) and a pivoted jaw (19) joined to the handle by a pivot (20) disposed in a plane (30). A spring (25) urges the pivoted jaw through a gripping position in which flat gripping surfaces (17, 18) are parallel and separated by a distance which equals the size of the bolthead or nut to be turned. The plane (30) extends through the proximal edges of the surfaces (17, 18) which are flat from the plane to the distal edges of the jaws, and perpendicular to the plane. An auxiliary lever (45) assists in ratcheting. The wrenches may be single ended, double ended, or adjustable, in which case, an integral pivot bar (50) slides within the wrench handle perpendicular to the gripping surfaces (17, 18). A plurality of springs (25b, 25c) may be used.