Abstract: To moderate the efficiency of engine braking when it is applied while a continuously variable transmission produces a large transmission ratio. Such a continuously variable transmission is constituted by a hydraulic pump having an input rotary member connected to an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, a hydraulic motor having an output rotational axis connected to a driving wheel. The hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor are coupled via a first oil passageway, which has a low oil pressure during the normal load operation of the engine but has a high oil pressure during the reverse load operation of the engine, and a second oil passageway, which has a high oil pressure during the normal load operation but has a low pressure during the reverse load operation, thereby forming a closed oil passageway circuit. At least the hydraulic pump or the hydraulic motor has a variable capacity.

Abstract: A snorkel duct including a main body portion extended forwardly from an air cleaner in an oblique upper direction with a substantially uniform cross sectional area and a bent portion bending at a front end portion thereof. An air inlet is provided at a front end of the bent portion and is opened at a position where water, dust or the like is difficult to invade. A main opening portion opened in a lower direction is provided at a portion of the main body portion at a vicinity of the bent portion and a smaller drain hole is opened on a lower side thereof An expansion chamber is attached to a side of the main body portion in order to cover the main opening portion and the drain hole, and the cross sectional area of the main body portion is rapidly enlarged at the main opening portion to thereby reduce air-flow resistance, prevent pulsation sounds from being generated, and to silence intake noise.

Abstract: A static hydraulic continuously variable transmission includes a fixed capacity swash type hydraulic pump and a variable capacity swash type hydraulic motor, connected by a hydraulic closed circuit. A control system and method controls hydraulic pressure in the variable transmission, and thereby reduces the likelihood of noise in the variable transmission under certain driving conditions. The hydraulic pressure is controlled by changing the inclination angle of a movable swash plate. The driving conditions which prompt the control system may include: (1) A signal voltage of a throttle sensor indicates the throttle opening is lower than a first threshold value; (2) A vehicle speed is over a second threshold value; (3) An acceleration is over a third threshold value; (4) An engine speed is below a fourth threshold value; and (5) Conditions (1) through (4) last for a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: A ceramic composite material comprises a ceramic material constituting a matrix, and dispersion particles disposed in the matrix in a dispersing manner. A specific shape of a ceramic composite material is, for instance, a sinter or a thermally sprayed layer. The dispersion particles are consisting of a composite oxide including at least one kind of a first metallic element selected from alkaline earth metals such as Mg and Ca, and at least one kind of a second metallic element selected from W, Ti, Ta, Mo, Nb, V, B, Te, Ge and Si, for instance, are composite oxide particles precipitated by reacting a compound containing a first metallic element and a compound including a second metallic element through heat treatment. The precipitated particles consisting of such a composite oxide can be dispersed as planar particles or acicular particles in the ceramic layer to which, for instance, thermal spraying is applied.

Abstract: A gas turbine apparatus having a plurality of stages of rotor.stator blade and utilizing fuel containing 0.5 ppm or more of vanadium. A plurality of stages of the rotor.stator blade have a stage which is driven by combustion gas not including vanadium corrosion suppressing agent and a stage which is driven by combustion gas including vanadium corrosion suppressing agent and is controlled in its combustion gas temperature at below 1,458 K. In addition, the plurality of stages of the gas turbine are supplied with different kinds of combustion gases according to the temperature of each stage. Or, by disposing at least two systems of fuel supplying mechanism to one combustion chamber, the combustion temperature is controlled according to the kinds and the mixing ratio of the fuels. Therewith, while suppressing corrosion of high temperature member due to V and S, the deposition of the reaction products due to the vanadium corrosion suppressing agent and the like can be suppressed.

Abstract: A ceramic coating layer which is not less than 70 .mu.m in the maximum height Rmax of its profile curves and not less than 45 .mu.m in the 10-point average roughness, or which is less than 650 HV in Vickers hardness is provided on a metallic substrate. A heat-resistant member of such composition is excellent in thermal fatigue resistance and keeps an excellent heat resistance for a long period of time. Quality of a heat-resistant member is evaluated by, measuring at least one of roughness and hardness of a ceramic coating layer on a metallic substrate. According to this method, it is possible to easily and accurately evaluate a thermal resistant life of a heat-resistant member.

Abstract: A heat resisting member having ceramics heat shield layers which is directly formed on a metal base material or formed on it via a metal bonded layer formed on the metal base material. The ceramics heat shield layers comprise a first ceramics layer which is formed on the metal base material or the metal bonded layer and has a high elastic modulus, high hardness and high density, and a second ceramics layer which is formed on the first ceramics layer and has a low elastic modulus, low hardness and low density. Delamination from the neighborhood of the interface or oxidation of the lower layer can be prevented by the first ceramics layer which is formed on the metal base material or the metal bonded layer. Thermal shock resistance and heat shielding effect of the ceramics heat shield layers as the whole can be enhanced by the second ceramics layer.

Abstract: A data decoding apparatus and the method and a data reproduction apparatus which reduces capacity of a memory used for decoding and speedily accesses to data to be read. In a data decoding apparatus (50) and the method which decodes coded data (S2) which is recorded in a recording medium (2), the coded data (S2) read from the recording medium (2) is stored in a memory used for decoding (51), data information of data to be read is detected from decoded data which is generated in the middle of decoding the coded data (S2), the data information is stored in a data information storage means and the output of decoded data (S10) is controlled on the based on the data information, thereby the output of the decoded data (S10) is controlled based on the data information independent of decoding of the coded data (S2).

Abstract: In an exhaust silencing device having inner tubes which are connected to an exhaust pipe connected to an engine and provided with a plurality of through holes, and an outer tube which covers the inner tubes. The occurrence of a whistling sound is prevented while avoiding the use of a sound absorbing material. Recesses or indentations, are provided on the inner surface of the inner tube, which, together with the outer tube, form an annular expansion chamber.

Abstract: Decoding apparatus and method set interpolation flags in units smaller than an ECC block. The PI1 flag indicating an error on a row-by-row basis is generated for the first error correction result, while the PI2 flag also indicating an error on a row-by-row basis is generated for the second error correction result in the ECC block. The PO flag indicating an error on a column-by-column basis is further generated for the error correction result in the ECC block. Following these processing operations, the PI1, PI2 and PO flags are used for generating the interpolation flags.

Abstract: In the thunder cloud observation system of the present invention, the vertical direction accumulated water content (VIL) is calculated by the VIL arithmetic operation unit from echo strength data obtained by the climate radar, the echo peak temperature is obtained by the echo peak temperature arithmetic operation unit with reference to altitude-temperature comparison data on the basis of high atmospheric climate data, the precipitation area is determined by the area determination unit from the VIL data, and the thunder cloud area generated within the precipitation area is identified from the echo peak temperature data. The thunder cloud area determined by the area determination unit is subjected to the correlation processes in terms of distance and overlapping area by the identification/tracking process unit, thus performing the identification/tracking, and the results of the processes of the area judgment unit and the identification/tracking process unit are displayed in the image display unit.

Abstract: Error correction decoding apparatus decodes error correction encoded data reproduced from a recording medium by decoding the encoded data to produce decoded data in frame units and by generating decoding information in frame units; the decoded data and decoding information are stored in correspondence by frame unit and the decoded data and decoding information are retrieved from storage while frame synchronizing with address data representing a physical location of the encoded data on the recording medium.

Abstract: In an exhaust silencing device having inner tubes which are connected to an exhaust pipe connected to an engine and provided with a plurality of through holes, and an outer tube which covers the inner tubes. The occurrence of a whistling sound is prevented while avoiding the use of a sound absorbing material. Recesses are provided on the inner surface of the inner tube, which, together with the outer tube, form an annular expansion chamber.

Abstract: An elastic seal member includes a watertight seal around the outside of a rubber cushion between the inner and outer cylinder portions and a cover member for covering the outer face of the elastic seal member with a space therebetween so that the elastic seal member is not exposed to water pressure during washing of a vehicle.

Abstract: A heat-resistant member is constructed by having a ceramic coating layer deposited on the surface of a metallic substrate through the medium of a metallic bonding layer. The metallic bonding layer is composed of at least two layers, i.e. a layer of an aggregate of minute particles disposed on the metallic substrate side and a layer of an aggregate of coarse particles disposed on the ceramic coating layer side. Otherwise, the metallic bonding layer is composed of at least three layers, i.e. two layers of an aggregate of coarse particles disposed one each on the metallic substrate side and the ceramic coating layer side and one layer of an aggregate of minute particles interposed between these two layers of an aggregate of coarse particles. These layers are obtained by the low pressure ambient plasma thermal spraying using a fine powder or a coarse powder of an alloy resistant to corrosion and oxidation.

Abstract: Q- or P-sequence error correction is suitable for correcting errors of data stored in a CD-ROM. Errors of data are corrected using a 2-word parity code added to the data and input pointers that have been set for the words that are presumed to be subjected to errors. Output pointers are set for respective words of data which are presumed not to be error-corrected completely.

Abstract: An electronic component with lead terminals, includes an electronic component element, electrodes respectively formed on opposite end faces of the electronic component element, and lead terminals respectively connected to the electrodes for electrical conduction, and each of the lead terminals having a large width portion formed at one end of its small width tip portion, and the large width portions of the lead terminals being conductively connected to the electrodes of the electronic component element. The disclosure is also directed to a method of manufacturing such electronic component.