Abstract: A plurality of surface emitting lasers are formed on the single surface emitting laser element. The plurality of surface emitting lasers have respective emission wavelengths selected from wavelengths satisfying condition of: 0<?1??s?5.36×10?5?c2?×5.83×10?2?c+32.4 where a first emission wavelength is ?1 [nm], a second emission wavelength shorter than the first emission wavelength is ?s [nm], and a middle wavelength between the first emission wavelength and the second emission wavelength is ?c [nm]. At least one of the plurality of surface emitting lasers has an emission wavelength different from an emission wavelength of another surface emitting laser.

Abstract: A plurality of surface emitting lasers are formed on the single surface emitting laser element. The plurality of surface emitting lasers have respective emission wavelengths selected from wavelengths satisfying condition of: 0<?1??s?5.36×10?5?c2?×5.83×10?2?c+32.4 where a first emission wavelength is ?1 [nm], a second emission wavelength shorter than the first emission wavelength is ?s [nm], and a middle wavelength between the first emission wavelength and the second emission wavelength is ?c [nm]. At least one of the plurality of surface emitting lasers has an emission wavelength different from an emission wavelength of another surface emitting laser.

Abstract: An engine of the present invention comprises a valve body configured to open and close ports and formed in a cylinder head, a drive cam mechanism operable in association with a crankshaft by a driving power transmission mechanism, a pivot cam mechanism which is configured to be pivoted according to movement of the drive cam mechanism to cause the valve body to open and close and is configured to change a pivot state to change a lift characteristic of the valve; and a servo motor configured to change the pivot state of the pivot cam mechanism, wherein the servo motor is positioned at one end portion of the pivot cam mechanism such that the servo motor is distant from the driving power transmission mechanism.

Abstract: A pivot cam mechanism included in a valve operating system is configured such that a coupling pin is supported at a pivot member in a position closer to a camshaft than a control shaft, and the pivot member and the driven member are integrally pivotable according to the rotation of the drive cam while changing relative attitudes of the driven member and the pivot member. Positions and shapes of the drive cam, the driven member, and the pivot member are designed so that a valve maximum acceleration point at which an acceleration of a valve body is at a maximum is located in a front part of a valve acceleration period in which the acceleration of the valve body has a positive value while the drive cam is rotating once.

Abstract: A lubricating system for a valve operating system includes a valve operating system configured to reciprocate a valve for substantially opening and closing a port connected to a combustion chamber of an engine, and an ejecting device provided with an outlet from which a lubricating liquid is ejected. The valve operating system includes a drive cam, a driven member configured to contact the drive cam, a pivot member which is attached to the driven member and is configured to transmit movement of the driven member to the valve, and a relative position changing device configured to change relative positions of the driven member and the pivot member. The outlet of the ejecting device is oriented to face sliding surfaces of the driven member and the drive cam at least in a period which is a part of one rotation of the drive cam.

Abstract: A pivot cam mechanism included in a valve operating system is configured such that a coupling pin is supported at a pivot member in a position closer to a camshaft than a control shaft, and the pivot member and the driven member are integrally pivotable according to the rotation of the drive cam while changing relative attitudes of the driven member and the pivot member. Positions and shapes of the drive cam, the driven member, and the pivot member are designed so that a valve maximum acceleration point at which an acceleration of a valve body is at a maximum is located in a front part of a valve acceleration period in which the acceleration of the valve body has a positive value while the drive cam is rotating once.

Abstract: An engine E of the present invention comprises a valve body 53 configured to open and close ports 0A and 20B formed in a cylinder head 20, a drive cam mechanism 50A operable in association with a crankshaft by a driving power transmission mechanism 28, a pivot cam mechanism 48 which is configured to be pivoted according to movement of the drive cam mechanism 50A to cause the valve body 53 to open and close and is configured to change a pivot state to change a lift characteristic of the valve; and a servo motor 73 configured to change the pivot state of the pivot cam mechanism 48, wherein the servo motor 73 is positioned at one end portion of the pivot cam mechanism 48 such that the servo motor 73 is distant from the driving power transmission mechanism 28.

Abstract: A lubricating system for a valve operating system includes a valve operating system configured to reciprocate a valve for substantially opening and closing a port connected to a combustion chamber of an engine, and an ejecting device provided with an outlet from which a lubricating liquid is ejected. The valve operating system includes a drive cam, a driven member configured to contact the drive cam, a pivot member which is attached to the driven member and is configured to transmit movement of the driven member to the valve, and a relative position changing device configured to change relative positions of the driven member and the pivot member. The outlet of the ejecting device is oriented to face sliding surfaces of the driven member and the drive cam at least in a period which is a part of one rotation of the drive cam.