Abstract: A toner includes a toner particle containing a binder resin containing a crystalline polyester. In differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the toner is heated to 180° C. at a rate of 10° C./min, then cooled to 25° C. at a rate of 10° C./min and successively from 25° C. to 15° C. at a rate of 3° C./min, and heated again to 180° C. at a rate of 10° C./min. As a result, an exothermic amount P1 when the toner is cooled from 80° C. to 40° C. is 1.00 J/g or less, an exothermic amount P2 when the toner is cooled from 25° C. to 15° C. is 0.10 J/g or more, and when a sum of endothermic amounts P3 (J/g) when the toner is heated again from 40° C. to 180° C. and a sum of exothermic amounts P4 (J/g) when the toner is cooled from 180° C. to 40° C. satisfies 2.0 ? P3-P4 ? 10.0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a toner including a toner particle containing a binder resin and a release agent. The binder resin contains an amorphous resin and a crystalline resin, and a content of the crystalline resin is 1.0% to 20.0% by mass based on a mass of the binder resin. In a cross-section of the toner particle observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy, (i) there exist a matrix A of the amorphous resin and domains A of the release agent dispersed in the matrix A, (ii) the domains A each include a matrix B of the release agent and domains B of the crystalline resin dispersed in the matrix B, and (iii) the domains A are each covered with the crystalline resin and an average coverage of the domains A by the crystalline resin is 70% or more.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a crystalline polyester, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester having a structure represented by the following formula (1): in formula (1), Rs each independently represent hydrogen, a methyl group, or a phenyl group; A represents a polyester segment; B represents a polyester segment or any functional group selected from the group consisting of —R1OH, —R1COOH, and —R1NH2 wherein R1 represents a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group; and the average repeat number n is 10 to 80.

Abstract: A toner includes toner particles containing a binder resin, a colorant, and inorganic fine particles, in which in a depth profile of an element distribution in a depth region from the outermost surface of a particle to a depth of 500 nm the depth profile being obtained by an element analysis performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using the toner as a sample, two or more minimum points of a concentration of a carbon element in the depth region exist, a concentration of an inorganic element becomes a maximum value at a depth position corresponding to each of the minimum points, and the inorganic element is an element derived from the inorganic fine particle.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin containing at least 50 mass % of a polyester resin, wherein the polyester resin contains a polyester resin A having a silicone segment, and in XPS analysis, when X is a ratio of the number of silicon atoms attributable to silicone segments relative to a total number of measured atoms, X1 is a value of the X on the toner particle surface, X2 is a value of the X at a depth of 30 nm from the surface, Z is a ratio of the number of carbon atoms attributable to ester bonds relative to a total number of measured atoms, Z1 is a value of the Z on the toner particle surface and Z2 is a value of the Z at a depth of 30 nm from the toner particle surface, X1, Z1, X2 and Z2 satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin and a polymer A, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester resin having a specific structure, the polymer A has a first monomer unit derived from a specific (meth)acrylic acid ester and a second monomer unit different from the first monomer unit, a content ratio of the first monomer unit in the polymer A is 5.0 mol % to 60.0 mol % while a content ratio of the second monomer unit in the polymer A is 20.0 mol % to 95.0 mol %, and the SP value of the first monomer unit, the SP value of the second monomer unit, and the SP value of a silicone segment contained in the specific structure satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a crystalline polyester, wherein the binder resin contains a polyester having a structure represented by the following formula (1): in formula (1), Rs each independently represent hydrogen, a methyl group, or a phenyl group; A represents a polyester segment; B represents a polyester segment or any functional group selected from the group consisting of —R1OH, —R1COOH, and —R1NH2 wherein R1 represents a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group; and the average repeat number n is 10 to 80.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a substrate, a photoconductive layer and a surface layer formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide in this order. The average value of the carbon content (C/(C+Si)) of the surface layer formed from the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide is set at 0.90 or more and less than 1.00, and the average value of the hydrogen content (H/(H+C+Si)) is set at 0.40 or less; and when the average value of the ratios of the sum of a Si—O bond and an O—Si—O bond in the outermost surface region that constitutes a range within a depth of 5 nm or less from the outermost surface of the surface layer is represented by a, and an average value of the silicon content (Si/(C+Si)) is represented by b, 0.015?a*b?0.090 holds.

Abstract: An average value of a hydrogen content ratio of a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.40 or less and a maximum value of an sp2 bonding ratio in an outermost surface region of the surface layer made of the hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.50 or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a substrate, a photoconductive layer and a surface layer formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide in this order. The average value of the carbon content (C/(C+Si)) of the surface layer formed from the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide is set at 0.90 or more and less than 1.00, and the average value of the hydrogen content (H/(H+C+Si)) is set at 0.40 or less; and when the average value of the ratios of the sum of a Si—O bond and an O—Si—O bond in the outermost surface region that constitutes a range within a depth of 5 nm or less from the outermost surface of the surface layer is represented by a, and an average value of the silicon content (Si/(C+Si)) is represented by b, 0.015?a*b?0.090 holds.

Abstract: An average value of a hydrogen content ratio of a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.40 or less and a maximum value of an sp2 bonding ratio in an outermost surface region of the surface layer made of the hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.50 or less.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member using plasma CVD includes steps of placing a cylindrical base member in a reactor which can be evacuated, the reactor having an electrode therein, so as to be spaced apart from the electrode, introducing a raw material gas for deposited film formation into the reactor, and applying an alternating voltage of a rectangular wave having a frequency in the range of 3 kHz to 300 kHz between the electrode and the cylindrical base member so that a potential at one of the electrode and the cylindrical base member with respect to a potential at the other becomes alternately positive and negative, to decompose the raw material gas, and forming a deposited film on the cylindrical base member. The magnitude of the potential difference between the electrode and the cylindrical base member is selectively controlled.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a conductive substrate, a photoconductive layer on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide on the photoconductive layer. A ratio (C/(Si+C)) in the surface layer is 0.61 to 0.75, both inclusive, an Si+C atom density in the surface layer is 6.60×1022 atoms/cm3 or more, and an arithmetic average roughness Ra of the surface layer is 0.029 ?m to 0.500 ?m, both inclusive.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member using plasma CVD includes steps of placing a cylindrical base member in a reactor which can be evacuated, the reactor having an electrode therein, so as to be spaced apart from the electrode, introducing a raw material gas for deposited film formation into the reactor, and applying an alternating voltage of a rectangular wave having a frequency in the range of 3 kHz to 300 kHz between the electrode and the cylindrical base member so that a potential at one of the electrode and the cylindrical base member with respect to a potential at the other becomes alternately positive and negative, to decompose the raw material gas, and forming a deposited film on the cylindrical base member. The magnitude of the potential difference between the electrode and the cylindrical base member is selectively controlled.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a conductive substrate; a photoconductive layer on the conductive substrate; and a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide on the photoconductive layer, wherein (C/(Si+C)) in the surface layer is 0.61 to 0.75 (both inclusive), Si+C atom density in the surface layer is 6.60×1022 atoms/cm3 or more, and arithmetic average roughness Ra of the surface layer is 0.029 ?m to 0.500 ?m (both inclusive), and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: The shortest distance L [?m] from an arbitrary point on an exposed insulating surface on a base to a conductive member on the base and a sheet resistivity Rs [?/?] of the arbitrary point satisfy Rs×L2<4.2×1022 [?×?m2]. By this, in an image display apparatus having an electron-emitting device, an increase in the potential of an insulating surface on a substrate is suppressed and deterioration in the electron-emitting device is prevented, without using an antistatic film, etc.