Abstract: A semiconductive belt includes: at least one different resistance portion that is configured to partly differ in surface resistance from surroundings, wherein the at least one different resistance portion is at an angle with respect to a direction perpendicular to a belt end portion.

Abstract: A semiconductive belt includes: at least one different resistance portion that is configured to partly differ in surface resistance from surroundings, wherein the at least one different resistance portion is at an angle with respect to a direction perpendicular to a belt end portion.

Abstract: A simulation section simulates an operation of a field device in the plant by using a device model. A comparing section compares actual output data of the field device with simulation output data that is obtained by simulation by the simulation section. A judging section judges occurrence of abnormality of the plant based on a comparison result by the comparing section. An error estimating section estimates an error between process data and input data, the process data being indicated as the input data to the field device, and the input data being actually inputted to the field device. In this case, the process data is corrected based on an estimation result by the error estimating section, and the corrected process data is inputted to the device model.

Abstract: An image forming device which is capable of preventing generation of toner filming and obtaining a stable image quality without defects over a long period and which is environmentally friendly. The image forming device, for forming an image with a spherical toner, includes image holding members, contact type charging member, exposing member, developing member, and transfer member. A toner shape change ratio (Tt) of deformed toner particles passed between the contacting portions of the image holding members and the charging member is in a range of 50 to 100 percent.

Abstract: An image forming device which is capable of preventing generation of toner filming and obtaining a stable image quality without defects over a long period and which is environmentally friendly. The image forming device, for forming an image with a spherical toner, comprises image holding members, contact type charging means, exposing means, developing means and transfer means. A toner shape change ratio (Tt) of deformed toner particles passed between the contacting portions of the image holding members and the charging means is in a range of 50 to 100 percent.