Abstract: A target value processing unit, includes: an input section to which a target value signal showing a target value of a control process is inputted; a target value shaping unit shaping the target value signal inputted to the input section, into a signal form which is proper for a control treatment of a regulator implementing the control process; and an output section outputting to the regulator a shaped target value signal which is shaped by the target value shaping unit. The target value processing unit realizes the high-level control process without improving the regulator.

Abstract: A target value processing unit, includes: an input section to which a target value signal showing a target value of a control process is inputted; a target value shaping unit shaping the target value signal inputted to the input section, into a signal form which is proper for a control treatment of a regulator implementing the control process; and an output section outputting to the regulator a shaped target value signal which is shaped by the target value shaping unit. The target value processing unit realizes the high-level control process without improving the regulator.

Abstract: An electromagnetic actuator has an iron core around which a coil is wound; two permanent magnets, the same poles of which are placed on the ends of the core which extend beyond the coil and which have the same direction of polarity; magnetic poles formed on either end of the iron core; a yoke which connects the poles of the magnets opposite those which face the core; and an iron armature which is supported by a fulcrum on the yoke in such a way that it is free to rotate around the fulcrum, and which has on either end a magnetic pole which faces one of the poles of the core.

Abstract: Peripheral surfaces of end portions of individual optical fibers constituting a first optical fiber array are in close contact with an optical fiber fitting surface of a base, while the peripheral surfaces of the end portions of the individual optical fibers are in close contact with one another. Peripheral surfaces of end portions of optical fibers on both sides out of the individual optical fibers constituting the first optical fiber array are in close contact with a pair of stopper members, respectively, disposed on both sides of an end portion of the first optical fiber array. A second optical fiber or optical fiber array is opposed to an end face of the end portion of the first optical fiber array.

Abstract: An optical card recording/reproducing apparatus for recording/reproducing information onto/from an optical card by relatively moving the optical card to an optical head is provided. The optical head has an optical system for producing focusing and tracking control signals. The optical system includes a light emitting diode having a narrow slit-like light emitting surface as a light source. The optical system has photo sensitive elements for focusing control, a photo sensitive element for tracking control, and a recorded information reproducing photo sensitive element which are used to detect the reflected lights from the optical card of a slit light which is emitted from the light emitting diode. By forming a slit-like light spot onto the optical card, the focusing and tracking controls can be accurately easily executed and the deterioration in pits and track guides is prevented.

Abstract: An optical card having visible data marked on a base layer and a substantially transparent optical data recording layer formed over the base layer. A protective layer is laminated over the optical data recording layer. The visible data marked on the base may be marked in an ink visible only at a nonvisual wavelength, such as infrared. A reader scans the visible data marked on the base layer, since the optical recording layer covering the base layer is substantially transparent.

Abstract: A dual light source optical recording and playback system which comprises a first light source which is a semiconductor laser for irradiating tracks of a recording medium with recording spot light to record pits as information units, a second light source for irradiating the tracts with playback spot light, detection means for detecting the output of the semiconductor laser which changes in response to return light available as the recording spot light is reflected on the track of the recording medium and returned to the semiconductor laser, and a timing signal generator for generating a timing signal for the recording of the next pit on the track in response to a detection output from the detection means which corresponds to the return light due to reflection by the recorded pit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical card reader that detects any relative inclination of the card by measuring the relative motion of the optical tracks themselves. The optical card reader comprises a card holding portion, an optical head having the ability follow data tracks on the optical card, and a detector that measures the angle of inclination of the optical card from a tracking signal generated from a one-dimensional relative movement of the card holder and the optical card.

Abstract: An optical data storage accessing apparatus which includes a first light projecting unit including a laser diode for projecting data recording light onto a data storage medium, a second light projecting unit for projecting data recording light onto the data storage medium, and a light receiving unit. The light receiving unit receives the data reading light after it is reflected by the data storage medium to read data recorded on the data storage medium. An optical unit joins the data recording light and the data reading light and separates data reading light reflected from the data storage medium from the data recording light.

Abstract: An optical card recording/reproducing apparatus for recording/reproducing information onto/from an optical card by relatively moving the optical card to an optical head is provided. The optical head has an optical system for producing focusing and tracking control signals. The optical system includes a light emitting diode having a narrow slit-like light emitting surface as a light source. The optical system has photo sensitive elements for focusing control, a photo sensitive element for tracking control, and a recorded information reproducing photo sensitive element which are used to detect the reflected lights from the optical card of a slit light which is emitted from the light emitting diode. By forming a slit-like light spot onto the optical card, the focusing and tracking controls can be accurately easily executed and the deterioration in pits and track guides is prevented.

Abstract: A card accessing apparatus is provided which includes a slidable unit connected to a card holder and sliding in the width direction of the card holder, a reciprocating mechanism including a motor and an endless belt for reciprocating the card holder, and a connecting member for connecting the slidable unit to the endless belt. The motor is rotated only in one direction to rotate the endless belt which causes the slidable unit to reciprocate the card holder.