Abstract: A diffractive optical element includes a substrate, a first resin layer formed on the substrate and having a diffraction grating shape including a plurality of wall surfaces and a plurality of slopes, a second resin layer formed in close contact with the first resin layer, a high refractive-index portion formed on the plurality of wall surfaces of the first resin layer and having a higher refractive index than the first and the second resin layers, and a close contact portion discontinuous with the high refractive-index portion, wherein the close contact portion is formed on the plurality of slopes of the first resin layer, and wherein a thickness of the close contact portion is smaller than a height of the plurality of wall surfaces.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element includes a substrate, a first resin layer formed on the substrate and having a diffraction grating shape including a plurality of wall surfaces and a plurality of slopes, a second resin layer formed in close contact with the first resin layer, a high refractive-index portion formed on the plurality of wall surfaces of the first resin layer and having a higher refractive index than the first and the second resin layers, and a close contact portion discontinuous with the high refractive-index portion, wherein the close contact portion is formed on the plurality of slopes of the first resin layer, and wherein a thickness of the close contact portion is smaller than a height of the plurality of wall surfaces.

Abstract: A point management method and a point management system are provided which can transfer points based on a plea. A server, which operates a point system, includes a unit for producing and transmitting a point transfer request mail, a unit for subtracting points to be transferred from the balance of points of a user who offers a transfer of points and producing and retaining point transfer information, a unit for producing and transmitting an allowance mail containing point number information and a unit for adding the number of points agreed to be transferred to the balance of points of the user who pleads for points upon receipt of an access from the user based on the allowance mail. A user, who is short of points, can positively plead with a user, who is likely to have residual points, for some points, and the user who is willing to transfer points can transfer points through a simple operation, thereby making it possible to enhance the conveniences to the users.