Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the substrates and has a reflective area and a transmissive area. At least one of the substrates is provided with a retardation film whose phase difference differs between the reflective area and the transmissive area. Alternatively, at least one of the substrates is provided with a retardation film whose slow axis differs between the reflective area and the transmissive area.

Abstract: In a normally black mode liquid crystal display, the liquid crystal display and the method prevents the light leakage arising from existing the step for adjusting the thickness of the liquid crystal layer between the reflective electrode and the transparent electrode and that high contrast displaying can be possible. The interval adjustment layer is formed between the first substrate that the reflective electrode is formed in the reflective region and the transparent electrode is formed in the transmissive region, and the second substrate that is fixed at predetermined interval from the first substrate. This interval adjustment layer is adjuster of the thickness of the liquid crystal layer in the reflective region on the second substrate, and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer in the reflective region is preferable to be set approximately the thickness of the liquid crystal layer of the transmissive region.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the substrates and has a reflective area and a transmissive area. At least one of the substrates is provided with a retardation film whose phase difference differs between the reflective area and the transmissive area. Alternatively, at least one of the substrates is provided with a retardation film whose slow axis differs between the reflective area and the transmissive area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device can be improved in orientation by exploiting axially symmetrical orientation. The liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates arranged facing each other with a pre-set gap in-between, liquid crystals held in the gap, a unit for applying an electrical field to the liquid crystals to change its state of orientation, a wall structure formed in each of small-sized areas obtained on sub-division along at least one substrate for orienting the liquid crystals lying in each small-sized area axially symmetrically on application of the electrical field, and a groove structure formed in each of the small-sized areas and adapted for adjusting the axial symmetrical orientation of the liquid crystals in cooperation with the wall structure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate; a second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first substrate includes a polymer wall extending in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction. The liquid crystal layer includes a plurality of liquid crystal regions separated by the polymer wall, and liquid crystal molecules in the plurality of liquid crystal regions are axially symmetrically aligned with respect to an axis perpendicular to a substrate surface. The first substrate further includes a column-like projection, and the column-like projection and the polymer wall define a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate. The column-like projection is provided in an intersection region where a portion of the polymer wall extending in the first direction and a portion of the polymer wall extending in the second direction intersect each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes: first and second substrates; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates; a plurality of pillar-like spacers for defining a gap between the first and second substrates; a plurality of electrodes provided on a side of each of the first and second substrates which faces the liquid crystal layer, for applying a voltage through the liquid crystal layer; and a plurality of pixel regions defined by the plurality of electrodes. The liquid crystal layer has liquid crystal molecules having a negative dielectric anisotropy. A vertical alignment layer is provided on a surface of each of the first and second substrates which faces the liquid crystal layer and on surfaces of the pillar-like spacers. The liquid crystal layer includes a plurality of liquid crystal regions defined by the plurality of pillar-like spacers. Each of the pixel regions includes at least one of the liquid crystal regions.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of this invention includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules having a negative dielectric anisotropy interposed between the pair of substrates, vertical alignment layers being formed on surfaces of the pair of substrates in contact with the liquid crystal layer, a voltage being applied across the liquid crystal layer by voltage application means formed on the pair of substrates, the liquid crystal molecules being oriented substantially vertical to the pair of substrate when no voltage is applied, wherein a plurality of column structures are provided so as to be at least partly in contact with the pair of substrates, and the liquid crystal layer has a plurality of liquid crystal domains in a direction in the plane of the substrates, and, when a voltage is applied, orientation directions of the liquid crystal molecules are continuous in each of the liquid crystal domains, while the orientation directions of liquid crystal molecul

Abstract: A plasma address liquid crystal display device having a flat panel structure which is composed of display cells and plasma cells bonded to one another with an intermediate sheet, and in which position registration tolerance between the display and plasma cells can be made less strict. A plasma cell 2 has discharge channels 5 extending in the row direction. The display cell 1 has a electro-optical device 9 and signal electrodes 10 extending along the column direction. Pixels 11 are defined at the points of intersections of the signal electrodes 10 and the discharge channels 5. The electro-optical device 9 is a set of finely partitioned liquid crystal areas 15 and is controlled in orientation to axis-symmetrical orientation. The liquid crystal areas 15 are continuously arrayed at a constant pitch DP finer than an arraying pitch CP of the pixels 11 at least in the column direction. This structure can be extensively applied to the active matrix type liquid crystal display device.

Abstract: A lead frame comprising an inner lead part to be electrically connected to an internal device and contained within a mold cavity for being resin molded, and an outer lead part connected to the inner lead part, the inner lead part having a projection with which a resin flow having passed through a mold gate collides. Because the resin flowing through the mold gate collides with the projection near a cavity inlet and disperses, the molding resin can reach corners near the cavity inlet, and air can be purged off from the corners to obtain a no-void, satisfactory appearance of semiconductor package.

Abstract: A heavy duty pneumatic radial tire for use in airplanes and the like is disclosed, which comprises a toroidal radial carcass, a belt superimposed about a crown region of the carcass, and a bead portion reinforcement comprised of a main chafer made from aromatic polyamide fiber cords, and an auxiliary chafer of at least two outer cord layers and at least two inner cord layers having a triangular truss structure defined by three cord layers among such four cord layers that the cords of the two outer cord layers are crossed with each other with respect to the meridional plane of the tire and the cords of the two inner cord layers are crossed with each other with respect to the meridional plane.

Abstract: A heavy duty pneumatic radial tire for use in airplanes and the like is disclosed, which comprises a toroidal radial carcass, a belt superimposed about a crown region of the carcass and composed of at least three cord layers, and a bead portion reinforcement consisting of a stiffener composed of a hard rubber stock and a soft rubber stock, a main chafer made from aromatic polyamide fiber cords, and an auxiliary chafer of at least two cord layers covering the outside of said main chafer and at least one cord layer arranged along the inside of the turnup portion as an inner cord layer, and having such a triangular truss structure that cords of at least two cord layers are arranged at inclination angles of 65.degree..about.90.degree. and 35.degree..about.55.degree. with respect to the meridional plane of the tire, respectively, and cords of the remaining cord layer are arranged at an inclination angle of -50.degree..about.70.degree. with respect to the meridional plane.

Abstract: A heavy duty pneumatic radial tire is disclosed, which comprises a carcass composed of at least one rubberized ply containing cords arranged substantially in a radial plane of the tire and a belt superimposed about a crown portion of the carcass just beneath a tread and composed of at least three rubberized belt plies. In this tire, metal cords of a first belt ply nearest to the carcass among the above belt plies are arranged at an angle of 25.degree.-50.degree. without crossing with metal cords of a second belt ply near the carcass next to the first belt ply with respect to a central circumferential line of the tire, and metal cords of the second belt ply and a third belt ply near the carcass next to the second belt ply, a tensile strength of each of which being 1.5-2 times that of the metal cord of the first belt ply, are arranged at an angle of 10.degree.-30.degree.

Abstract: A heavy duty pneumatic radial tire comprises a carcass of a substantially radial construction composed of at least one rubberized ply layer containing cords embedded therein and a belt superimposed about said carcass for stiff reinforcement beneath a tread and composed of at least two rubberized ply layers each containing metal cords embedded therein, said metal cords of which being crossed with each other at a relatively small angle with respect to the circumferential direction of tire, and said tread being provided with a plurality of continuous or discontinuous zigzag circumferential ribs defined along the widthwise direction of tire by at least three, substantially zigzag main grooves extending circumferentially of said tread, said main grooves comprising one or a pair of central circumferential grooves located at a substantially central region of said tread and a pair of outside circumferential grooves defining each of outermost ribs of said tread.