Abstract: In this waste-water treatment system, solids suspended in waste water are attached to a radial ring-shaped thread structure 6 filled in an attachment filter tank 2. Then, particle sizes are increased and the attached solids are further made to be anaerobic, digested and reduced. Then, sludge generated from the suspended solids is sedimented, separated and removed in a sedimentation section 3 in the same attachment filter tank 2. In this waste-water treatment system, solids suspended in waste water can be filtered without consuming a large amount of electrical energy. Thus, energy can be saved and waste can be reduced.

Abstract: A waste water treatment equipment treats a fluorine waste water containing organic matter, nitrogen, phosphor and hydrogen peroxide by an anaerobic tank 3 in which a calcium carbonate mineral 9 is placed and an aerobic tank 15 in which the calcium carbonate mineral 9 is placed and into which a biologically treated water is introduced from a treatment equipment 444 of another system. Therefore, the fluorine in the waste water can be treated by the calcium carbonate mineral 9 placed in the anaerobic tank 3 and the aerobic tank 15 with the formation of calcium fluoride 11. The organic matter of the surface active agent and so on in the waste water can be treated by the microorganism included in the biologically treated water. Furthermore, nitrate nitrogen can be treated so as to be reduced to a nitrogen gas in the anaerobic tank 3, while ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen can be treated so as to be oxidized in the aerobic tank 15.

Abstract: A calcium carbonate mineral is placed in a lower portion of a second water tank, while sludge precipitated in a sixth water tank is returned to an upper portion. A blower and an air diffusion pipe weakly aerate the lower portion. Thus, an unreacted chemical sludge zone is formed in the upper portion of the second water tank. As a result, the second water tank can execute a primary treatment of fluorine in a waste water by the calcium carbonate mineral, a secondary treatment of fluorine and a primary treatment of phosphor by unreacted chemicals, treatment of surface active agent by microorganisms in a return sludge and reduction treatment of hydrogen peroxide by anaerobic microorganisms in the return sludge. The unreacted chemicals are thus reused, so that the amount of generation of waste can be reduced and concurrently the treatment can be executed with energy conservation.

Abstract: In this neutralizing apparatus, aerobic microorganisms are propagated on a vinylidene chloride packing material 10 provided in a neutralization tank 3. The aerobic microorganisms produce nitric acid ions from organic alkaline wastewater introduced from a raw water tank 1 and thereby the organic alkaline wastewater is neutralized. Thus, various kinds of alkaline wastewater can be neutralized without using a mineral acid as a poison such as hydrochloric acid or the like.

Abstract: An apparatus for treatment of fluorine waste water has an introduction tank, a main treatment tank, a calcium hydroxide tank, a polychlorinated aluminum tank, a macromolecular flocculant tank, a settling tank, and a concentration tank. Fluorine waste water is introduced from the introduction tank into a lower part of the main treatment tank through a lower inlet pipe. Also, return sludge from the concentration tank and silicon sludge from a silicon waste water treatment system are introduced into an upper part of the main treatment tank. Thus, silicon recovered from silicon waste water is recycled for treatment of fluorine waste water. Also, unreacted chemicals, which have been loaded in the calcium hydroxide tank, polychlorinated aluminum tank, macromolecular flocculant tank, are recycled. The main treatment tank has no stirrer and thus conserves electrical energy, but can still neutralize the waste water.

Abstract: A waste water treatment equipment treats a fluorine waste water containing organic matter, nitrogen, phosphor and hydrogen peroxide by an anaerobic tank 3 in which a calcium carbonate mineral 9 is placed and an aerobic tank 15 in which the calcium carbonate mineral 9 is placed and into which a biologically treated water is introduced from a treatment equipment 444 of another system. Therefore, the fluorine in the waste water can be treated by the calcium carbonate mineral 9 placed in the anaerobic tank 3 and the aerobic tank 15 with the formation of calcium fluoride 11. The organic matter of the surface active agent and so on in the waste water can be treated by the microorganism included in the biologically treated water. Furthermore, nitrate nitrogen can be treated so as to be reduced to a nitrogen gas in the anaerobic tank 3, while ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen can be treated so as to be oxidized in the aerobic tank 15.

Abstract: In a waste water treatment apparatus, sludge settled in a settling tank is treated by being introduced (returned) into a return sludge reaction tank having a settling section in its rear portion. Therefore, unreacted chemicals contained in the sludge that has settled in the settling tank can be utilized in the return sludge reaction tank. Therefore, the unreacted chemicals are not discharged as sludge. Accordingly, as compared with the conventional treatment method of discharging a sludge from the settling tank, it is possible to reduce the amount of generated sludge remarkably and consequently, reduce a sludge disposal fee, the use amount of slaked lime, and a running cost such as maintenance cost of a dehydrator.

Abstract: The provision of a semiconductor memory device for which access times in burst mode can be improved with no increase in the chip surface area and with no increase in power consumption. A latch pulse selection circuit 6 uses a control signal CA0T to output an input control signal SALF and a control signal SALS, to a first latch group within a latch circuit 7 as a latch pulse SAL0A, and to a second latch group within the latch circuit 7 as a latch pulse SAL1A, respectively. Based on a control signal YS0˜YS31 input from a column decoder circuit 11, a Y selector 12 is connected to a sense amplifier circuit 8 via Y switches connected to the corresponding digit lines. The sense amplifier circuit 8 comprises 256 sense amplifiers, and performs data evaluations of the signal YD0˜signal YD127 from the Y selector.

Abstract: A semiconductor ROM device which enables to obtain a reference current which can securely distinguish data stored in a memory cell in a multilevel mask ROM for storing multilevel data of three or more levels per memory cell. The device comprises a memory cell in which a threshold voltage is set up corresponding to an amount of ions injected to a channel region of a cell transistor and multilevel data of three or more levels are stored, a reference cell for generating the reference current for comparing with a current read out from the memory cell, and dummy cells disposed adjacent to the reference cell. In the channel region of the reference cell and the channel region of the dummy cell, ions are injected simultaneously to set up the equal threshold voltages both in the reference cell and the dummy cell.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment equipment is provided with a reaction tank and a separate reaction unit installed in the reaction tank. In the separate reaction unit, a reaction different from a reaction in the reaction tank is carried out with returned sludge and a acid or alkali. Reactants are generated from the returned sludge in the separate reaction unit and then introduced from a bottom portion of the separate reaction unit into the reaction tank so as to be used for wastewater treatment.

Abstract: When a cell of a memory cell array (C0 and C1) located at a position further from the word select line driver is selected, data that is read from the memory cell array (C0, C1) is sent via only sense amplifier circuits (S0, S1) to the output buffer circuit (OB), while data from the other memory cell array (C2˜C7) are sent via the sense amplifier circuits (S2˜S7), the error detection circuit (ECC1), the syndrome decoder circuit (ECC2) and the error correction circuits (CR2˜CR7) to the output buffer circuit (OB). Data are output while bypassing the ECC circuits for the memory cells (C0, C1) of which word select lines have larger resistance and capacitance that cause a significant delay in the reading by the sense amplifier compared to reading of the memory cells located near the start point of the word select line (critical read cell).

Abstract: Waste water containing fluorine, nitrogen and organic matter is treated by introducing the waste water into a water tank filled with calcium carbonate mineral and anaerobic microorganic sludge. An upper portion of the water tank is occupied by the anaerobic microorganic sludge concurrently with natural precipitation of the calcium carbonate mineral toward a lower portion of the water tank. Calcium ions dissolving from the calcium carbonate mineral precipitated in the lower portion of the water tank are made to chemically react with the fluorine in the waste water. At the same time, the organic matter in the waste water is treated by utilizing anaerobic microorganisms in the anaerobic microorganic sludge in the upper portion of the water tank. The nitrogen in the waste water is treated to be reduced by reducibility that the anaerobic microorganisms in the waste water own.

Abstract: A calcium carbonate mineral is placed in a lower portion of a second water tank, while sludge precipitated in a sixth water tank is returned to an upper portion. A blower and an air diffusion pipe weakly aerate the lower portion. Thus, an unreacted chemical sludge zone is formed in the upper portion of the second water tank. As a result, the second water tank can execute a primary treatment of fluorine in a waste water by the calcium carbonate mineral, a secondary treatment of fluorine and a primary treatment of phosphor by unreacted chemicals, treatment of surface active agent by microorganisms in a return sludge and reduction treatment of hydrogen peroxide by anaerobic microorganisms in the return sludge. The unreacted chemicals are thus reused, so that the amount of generation of waste can be reduced and concurrently the treatment can be executed with energy conservation.

Abstract: A waste water treatment method and apparatus uses microorganism-containing sludge to treat waste water containing fluorine and does not utilize any chemical reaction. For waste water treatment, a treatment tank has an anaerobic part having sludge containing microorganisms and an aerobic part having sludge containing microorganisms and communicating with the anaerobic part. Waste water to be treated and biological excess sludge are introduced into the anaerobic part. Once treated by the microorganisms, the water is filtered by a membranous separation device in the aerobic part, and output as treated water. In the treatment tank, the microorganisms are moved between the anaerobic part and aerobic part to enhance their ability to concentrate or accumulate therein fluorine or other substances contained in the waste water.

Abstract: This waste water treatment equipment introduces granular calcium carbonate mineral 13, a calcium fluoride 14 in a floc form and a microorganism 15, which are flowing in a lower section 8, into an upper section 7 and sprinkles the same. Therefore, in the upper section 7, the granular calcium carbonate mineral 13 chemically treats fluorine in an exhaust gas, while the calcium fluoride 14 in the floc form chemically treats acid components in the exhaust gas although the effect is little. At the same time, the microorganism 15 biologically treats the organic matter in the exhaust gas. Then, the granular calcium carbonate mineral 13, the calcium fluoride 14 and the microorganism 15 that have not been utilized for exhaust gas treatment treat again the waste water in the lower section 8.

Abstract: A calcium carbonate mineral is placed in a lower portion of a second water tank, while sludge precipitated in a sixth water tank is returned to an upper portion. A blower and an air diffusion pipe weakly aerate the lower portion. Thus, an unreacted chemical sludge zone is formed in the upper portion of the second water tank. As a result, the second water tank can execute a primary treatment of fluorine in a waste water by the calcium carbonate mineral, a secondary treatment of fluorine and a primary treatment of phosphor by unreacted chemicals, treatment of surface active agent by microorganisms in a return sludge and reduction treatment of hydrogen peroxide by anaerobic microorganisms in the return sludge. The unreacted chemicals are thus reused, so that the amount of generation of waste can be reduced and concurrently the treatment can be executed with energy conservation.

Abstract: Ultrapure water having a reduced amount of TOC and a low electrical conductivity is produced in correspondence with a variation in water quality of raw water. A first water tank has an anaerobic organic matter treatment chamber and an aerobic organic matter treatment chamber which are communicated with each other at their bottom portions. Activated carbon bags are arranged in upper portions of both the chambers, and Bincho charcoal is stowed in the lower portion of the chambers. With this arrangement, carbon compounds and organic nitrogen compounds in the water to be treated are biologically treated by microbes, thereby reducing the TOC. Furthermore, nitrate nitrogen generated through the organic nitrogen compound treatment process is denitrified by the anaerobic microbe, thereby reducing the electrical conductivity of the water to be treated.

Abstract: In a third tank, calcium carbonate mineral is filled to react with fluorine in treatment water. Then, generated treatment water containing calcium fluoride is aerated and stirred so that aerobic microorganisms are propagated, by which organic matters are treated. A fourth water tank is to perform treatment of hydrogen peroxide by anaerobic microorganisms in return sludge from a sixth tank, treatment of phosphorus by slaked lime newly added in a small amount, and secondary treatment (advanced treatment) of fluorine that has already been primarily treated in the third tank. In a fifth tank, flocs are coagulated. In the sixth tank, the coagulants are settled and separated so as to be discharged as treated water. Thus, mixed waste water of hydrogen-peroxide- and phosphorus-containing fluorine waste water and organic-matter-containing waste water is treated simultaneously with low running cost and maintenance cost.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for wastewater treatment is provided which can treat persistent surface active agents and coloring substances in wastewater, and which is compact and economical. The wastewater treatment method introduces water to be treated into a charcoal tank 3 packed with charcoal 10 and treats the water therein, the water to be treated having been pretreated in a pretreatment section 2. The water under treatment is introduced from the charcoal tank 3 into an activated carbon tower 6 packed with activated carbon 17 to treat the water therein. Treatment of the water in two stages, namely, treatment by bioactivated charcoal 10 and treatment by bioactivated carbon 17, makes it unnecessary to carry out backwashing of the activated carbon tower 6 and regeneration of activated carbon 17. The service life of the activated carbon can be greatly extended.

Abstract: A word level generator in a multiple-valued mask programmable read only memory semiconductor device having a plurality of kinds of mask programmable read only memory cells having a plurality of distributions in number of the mask programmable read only memory cells versus variation of actual threshold voltages from predetermined threshold voltages. The distributions are separated from each other and do not overlap each other. The word level generator generates a word level which is between a maximum voltage level of lower one of adjacent two of the distributions and a minimum voltage level of higher one of the adjacent two of the distributions, so that all of the mask programmable read only memory cells are permitted to show correct ON/OFF operations for application of different word level voltages, whereby only correct data are obtained from the multiple-valued mask programmable read only memory semiconductor device.