Abstract: Falling of a substrate and deformation or breakage of the substrate are inhibited. A substrate holder includes a hole portion in which a disk-shaped substrate is placed upright, and at least four supporting members attached elastically-deformably on a periphery of the hole portion. Two of the four supporting members support disk-shaped substrate at first- and second-side circumferential end portions of disk-shaped substrate positioned at vertical-direction upper positions of disk-shaped substrate. Remaining two of the four supporting members support disk-shaped substrate at third- and fourth-side circumferential end portions of disk-shaped substrate positioned at vertical-direction lower positions of disk-shaped substrate. Central angle in disk-shaped substrate between either first- or second-side circumferential end portion and uppermost end portion of disk-shaped substrate is from 15° through 40°.

Abstract: The present application: receives positioning data from each of a plurality of positioning terminals that have received positioning signals transmitted from a plurality of satellites; uses the received positioning data to detect, for each satellite, the difference between the positioning signal reception quality at a first positioning terminal and the positioning signal reception quality at at least one second positioning terminal; and uses the difference for each satellite to determine a satellite to be used for positioning computation for the first positioning terminal.

Abstract: A processor calibrates the velocity of a moving object by removing a velocity bias from the velocity of the moving object and calculates a DR solution based on the calibrated velocity of the moving object. In a case where a fixed solution is calculated in positioning calculation, the processor outputs the fixed solution as coordinates of the moving object, whereas in a case where a fixed solution is not calculated, the processor outputs the DR solution based on the calibrated velocity of the moving object as the coordinates of the moving object.

Abstract: There is provided a coordinate output method capable of suppressing the influence of a positioning error (jump) of a float solution in a case where interferometric positioning by RTK method is applied to positioning of a moving body. Current coordinates of a moving body are estimated based on previous coordinates of the moving body and information on a speed of the moving body. In addition, interferometric wave positioning is executed based on the positioning data of a base station and the positioning data of a positioning station to calculate the current coordinates of the moving body as either a fix solution or a float solution. In a case where the fix solution may not be calculated after the fix solution is calculated for a predetermined time or more, the coordinates of the moving body estimated from the information on a speed are output.

Abstract: A positioning system includes a receiver that receives a positioning signal from a positioning satellite and generates carrier phase information, a base station that receives the carrier phase information from the receiver, and a communication terminal that performs wireless communication with the base station. The base station transmits information including the carrier phase information and the position information of the receiver as a carrier positioning signal to the communication terminal and the communication terminal performs carrier positioning using the carrier positioning signal transmitted by the base station. Here, the base station encrypts the position information of the receiver, in the carrier positioning signal to be transmitted.

Abstract: A processor calibrates the velocity of a moving object by removing a velocity bias from the velocity of the moving object and calculates a DR solution based on the calibrated velocity of the moving object. In a case where a fixed solution is calculated in positioning calculation, the processor outputs the fixed solution as coordinates of the moving object, whereas in a case where a fixed solution is not calculated, the processor outputs the DR solution based on the calibrated velocity of the moving object as the coordinates of the moving object.

Abstract: A positioning system includes a receiver that receives a positioning signal from a positioning satellite and generates carrier phase information, a base station that receives the carrier phase information from the receiver, and a communication terminal that performs wireless communication with the base station. The base station transmits information including the carrier phase information and the position information of the receiver as a carrier positioning signal to the communication terminal and the communication terminal performs carrier positioning using the carrier positioning signal transmitted by the base station. Here, the base station encrypts the position information of the receiver, in the carrier positioning signal to be transmitted.

Abstract: There is provided a coordinate output method capable of suppressing the influence of a positioning error (jump) of a float solution in a case where interferometric positioning by RTK method is applied to positioning of a moving body. Current coordinates of a moving body are estimated based on previous coordinates of the moving body and information on a speed of the moving body. In addition, interferometric wave positioning is executed based on the positioning data of a base station and the positioning data of a positioning station to calculate the current coordinates of the moving body as either a fix solution or a float solution. In a case where the fix solution may not be calculated after the fix solution is calculated for a predetermined time or more, the coordinates of the moving body estimated from the information on a speed are output.