Abstract: A permanent short-circuit device includes an enclosure with a first and second fixed electrically conducting body, each connected to a respective conductor leaving the enclosure, the first and second bodies body each having a first and a second surface on opposite sides of the respective body, where the first surface of the first body faces the first surface of the second body and is separated therefrom by a gap with width d and the second surface of the first body is provided with explosives connected to a detonator for deforming the first body towards the first surface of the second body such that the first surface of the first body crosses the gap and galvanically connects to the first surface of the second body.

Abstract: A mechanical switch in the form of a bypass switch assembly is arranged between two electrical conductors (busbars) and stays open during normal operation. When a cell fault happens, the fault and bypass information is transmitted to an actuator (acting as a trigger circuit) which activates inter alia a gas generator producing huge volume of gas in a very short time. The gas pressure pushes a movable member to bridge the two electrical conductors with ultrafast speed.

Abstract: An electric contact element for an arcing contact including a contact body arranged to be applied against a contact element. The contact body includes a Mn+1AXn-material, wherein M is at least one transition metal, A is at least one element selected from group 13-17 in the periodic table, X is C and/or N, and n is 1,2,3 or higher. A method of making a contact element including a contact body including a Mn+1AXn-material. Use of an electric contact element including a contact body including a Mn+1AXn-material in an arcing contact.

Abstract: An arrangement and method for imaging and/or measuring tissue qualities, such as tissue thickness, tissue surface roughness and degree of tissue fiber linearization. The arrangement includes at least one light generating element, at least one light detecting element, a probe with an extension, and possibly a control apparatus including a signal processor for processing the detected signals and/or images. The extension is designed to convey light from the light generating element to the tissue for visualization and/or measurement. The extension is also designed to convey light back-scattered from the tissue to the light detecting element. The detecting element is designed to measure the intensity and/or spatial distribution of light back-scattered from the tissue.

Abstract: A varistor including a varistor body with two parallel end faces made of a material that contains one or more metal oxides, and at least one electrode made of an electrically conductive electrode material arranged on any of the end faces of the varistor body. The electrode includes a layer of electrode material coated on the end face by means of an ion- or atom-transferring method, whereby the layer has a thickness within the interval of from 5 micrometers to 30 micro-meters.

Abstract: A photoconductive switch comprises a first layer (1), two contact layers (2, 3) arranged on said first layer and connectable to different potentials for applying a voltage thereacross, said first layer being adapted to be conducting upon applying a voltage across said contact layers when exposed to light from an illumination source of an energy high enough for lifting charge carriers from the valence band to the conduction band of the material of said first layer. The illumination source is an excimer lamp, in which unstable electronically excited dimers are formed when a voltage is applied across first and second electrodes (12, 13) separated by a gas or gas mixture. The dimers so formed decompose into two gas atoms while emitting a photon of an energy suitable for lifting charge carriers from the valence band to the conduction band of the material of the first layer.

Abstract: A device having two opposite terminals interconnected by material layers for switching between a current conducting state and a state blocking transport of charge carriers between the terminals upon applying a voltage there across has as the material layers a first layer made of intrinsic diamond and a second layer arranged next to the first layer. The device switches to the conducting state by providing free charge carriers in the second layer for transport through the diamond layer through the voltage and the blocking state by stopping providing the free charge carriers for the transport. The diamond layer is adapted to take a major part of the voltage across the terminals in the blocking state.