Abstract: This invention contemplates an accurate and efficient estimation of gene copy number using oligonucleotide microarrays. The method integrates gene copy number data obtained from perfect match and mismatch probe sequence structure intensities and probe binding affinities. In one embodiment, an accurate determination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) sequences is obtained. In another embodiment, an accurate detection and determination of DNA copy number alteration is obtained. In another embodiment, an accurate estimation for RNA gene expression is obtained.

Abstract: A mesoscale microelectromechanical system (MEMS) package for a micro-machine. The mesoscale micro-machine is formed on a printed circuit board (10) at the same time and of the same materials as the mesoscale micro-machine package. Both the micro-machine and the package have a first metal layer (12, 16), an insulating member (22, 26) formed on the first metal layer, and a second metal layer (32, 36) situated on the insulating layer. The package consists of a perimeter wall surrounding the micro-machine and a low-flow capping adhesive layer (40). The first metal layers of both the micro-machine and the package are formed in the same process sequence, and the insulating layers of both the micro-machine and the package are formed in the same process sequence, and the second metal layers of both the micro-machine and the package are formed in the same process sequence. The low-flow capping adhesive secures an optional cover (46) on the package to provide an environmental seal.

Abstract: A mesoscale microelectromechanical system (MEMS) package for a micro-machine. The mesoscale micro-machine is formed on a printed circuit board (10) at the same time and of the same materials as the mesoscale micro-machine package. Both the micro-machine and the package have a first metal layer (12, 16), an insulating member (22, 26) formed on the first metal layer, and a second metal layer (32, 36) situated on the insulating layer. The package consists of a perimeter wall surrounding the micro-machine and a low-flow capping adhesive layer (40). The first metal layers of both the micro-machine and the package are formed in the same process sequence, and the insulating layers of both the micro-machine and the package are formed in the same process sequence, and the second metal layers of both the micro-machine and the package are formed in the same process sequence. The low-flow capping adhesive secures an optional cover (46) on the package to provide an environmental seal.

Abstract: The invention is directed to devices that allow for simultaneous multiple biochip analysis. In particular, the devices are configured to hold multiple cartridges comprising biochips comprising arrays such as nucleic acid arrays, and allow for high throughput analysis of samples.

Abstract: High quality epitaxial layers of monocrystalline materials can be grown overlying monocrystalline substrates such as large silicon wafers by forming a compliant substrate for growing the monocrystalline layers. An accommodating buffer layer comprises a layer of monocrystalline oxide spaced apart from a silicon wafer by an amorphous interface layer of silicon oxide. The amorphous interface layer dissipates strain and permits the growth of a high quality monocrystalline oxide accommodating buffer layer. The accommodating buffer layer is lattice matched to both the underlying silicon wafer and the overlying monocrystalline material layer. Any lattice mismatch between the accommodating buffer layer and the underlying silicon substrate is taken care of by the amorphous interface layer. In addition, formation of a compliant substrate may include utilizing surfactant enhanced epitaxy, epitaxial growth of single crystal silicon onto single crystal oxide, and epitaxial growth of Zintl phase materials.

Abstract: A hybrid energy storage device (10) including first, second, and third electrodes (20, 25, 30), a first electrolyte (35) disposed between the first and second electrodes (20, 25), and a second electrolyte (40) disposed between the second and third electrode (25, 30). The first electrode (25), the first electrolyte (35), and the second electrode (25) form a battery, and the second electrode (25), the second electrolyte (40), and the third electrode (30) form a capacitor. The first and third electrodes (20, 30) are directly connected together so that the battery and capacitor are in parallel within the hybrid energy storage device (10).

Abstract: An electrode for an energy storage device uses a protonated polymer that is imbedded with an electroactive metal and coated onto activated carbon. Protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) is coated onto particles of activated carbon that have high surface area, and the coating is then imbedded with a metal that exhibits electroactive behavior. In one embodiment, ruthenium is plated onto the poly(4-vinylpyridine) to create the electrode. Optionally, a coating of an ionically conductive negatively charged polymer is applied over the ruthenium-imbedded coating. The improved electrode is used to make a capacitor.

Abstract: An electrode for an energy storage device is made from an activated carbon support. The activated carbon has adsorbed onto it a protonated polymer, which has a polyoxometalate absorbed into the polymer. Preferably, the protonated polymer is poly(4-vinylpyridine), and the polyoxometalate is isopolymolybdate. An energy storage device, such as a capacitor, can be made from the modified carbon electrode. A pair of the coated carbon electrodes (13) are placed in contact with an electrolyte to form the device.