Abstract: Devices including photovoltaic cells and methods of manufacture are disclosed. A photovoltaic cell includes a first electrode layer, at least one photoactive layer disposed on first electrode layer, a second electrode layer disposed on the photoactive layer, at least one first carrier collector structure with a first work function electrically coupled to the first electrode layer and extending partially in to the photoactive layer, and at least one second carrier collector structure with a second work function electrically coupled to the second electrode layer and extending partially into the photoactive layer. In the cell, the first carrier collector structure extends towards the second electrode layer without physically contacting the second carrier collector structure, and the second carrier collector structure extends towards the first electrode layer without physically contacting the first carrier collector structure.