Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes a creation unit that creates a table in which a value of repeatedly applied electrical noise is associated with a bit error rate occurring at the time of application of the electrical noise in an optical transmission and reception module for transmitting a bit string to itself in a predetermined transmission mode, and an estimation unit that estimates and calculates an actual device noise curve of the optical transmission and reception module, calculates a theoretical noise curve of the optical transmission and reception module using a theoretical equation for the transmission mode, estimates and calculates a noise amount of the optical transmission and reception module from a deviation between the actual device noise curve and the theoretical noise curve, and estimates and calculates optical transmission and reception characteristics of the optical transmission and reception module as actual device characteristics using the noise amount.

Abstract: A top launching device for launching a top includes a device body and an operating belt. The device body includes first and second input rotors to rotate, an output rotor configured to hold the top in a state with a central axis of the output rotor aligned with a central axis of the top and configured to rotate and impart the rotational force to the top, and a coupling rotor configured to transmit the rotational force from the input rotor to the output rotor. The operating belt is configured to be inserted in the device body, and to be engaged with either the first or the second input rotor. The output rotor is configured to rotate the top, impart the rotational force to the top, and release the top. The operating belt is configured to be selectively engaged with one of the first and second input rotors.

Abstract: A top launching device for launching a top includes a device body and an operating belt. The device body includes first and second input rotors to rotate, an output rotor configured to hold the top in a state with a central axis of the output rotor aligned with a central axis of the top and configured to rotate and impart the rotational force to the top, and a coupling rotor configured to transmit the rotational force from the input rotor to the output rotor. The operating belt is configured to be inserted in the device body, and to be engaged with either the first or the second input rotor. The output rotor is configured to rotate the top, impart the rotational force to the top, and release the top. The operating belt is configured to be selectively engaged with one of the first and second input rotors.