Abstract: A quantum cascade element includes a first substrate, a quantum cascade layer and a second substrate. The quantum cascade layer is provided at a front surface side of the first substrate. The quantum cascade layer includes a plurality of quantum well layers and a plurality of barrier layers alternately stacked in a direction perpendicular to the front surface of the first substrate. The second substrate is bonded to the first substrate with the quantum cascade layer interposed. The second substrate includes a photonic crystal contacting the quantum cascade layer. The photonic crystal includes a plurality of recesses at a side contacting the quantum cascade layer. The plurality of recesses faces an uppermost layer of the plurality of barrier layers.

Abstract: A toner container (32) includes a rotatable container body (33). The container body includes an opening portion (33c) and a plurality of projections (33a). The opening portion is on a first end, which is opposite a second end, of the container body in a rotation axis direction. The plurality of projections are each protrude inward and have a slope inclined with respect to the rotation axis direction. The plurality of projections are disposed such that, out of two adjacent projections in the rotation axis direction, one projection closer to the first end of the container body in the rotation axis direction overlaps the other projection closer to the second end of the container body in the rotation axis direction, in an area of the one projection closer to the second end and an area of the other projection closer to the first end in the rotation axis direction.

Abstract: A powder conveyance device includes a conveyor that rotates in a rotation direction to convey powder and a first conveyance tube accommodating the conveyor. A second conveyance tube extends in an angled direction that is angled with respect to the first conveyance tube. The second conveyance tube communicates with the first conveyance tube. A swing member is disposed inside the second conveyance tube. The swing member swings in accordance with rotation of the conveyor. The swing member has one end that is detachably attached to the conveyor. The one end is detached from the conveyor in a detaching direction. A restrictor is disposed inside one of the first conveyance tube and the second conveyance tube. The restrictor restricts motion of the swing member in the detaching direction.

Abstract: A quantum cascade laser includes light-emitting quantum well layers configured to emit infrared laser light by an intersubband transition; and injection quantum well layers configured to relax carrier energy. The light-emitting quantum well layers and the injection quantum well layers are stacked alternately. The injection quantum well layers relax the energy of carriers injected from the light-emitting quantum well layers, respectively. The light-emitting quantum well layers and the injection quantum well layers including barrier layers. At least one barrier layer includes first and second regions of a first ternary compound semiconductor, and a binary compound semiconductor thin film. The binary compound semiconductor thin film is provided between the first and second regions. The first ternary compound semiconductor includes Group III atoms and a Group V atom. The binary compound semiconductor thin film includes one Group III atom of the first ternary compound semiconductor and the Group V atom.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a surface emitting quantum cascade laser includes: a first surface that emits laser light; a second surface opposite to the first surface; an active layer provided between the first surface and the second surface; a photonic crystal provided between the active layer and the first surface or between the active layer and the second surface, the photonic crystal having a predetermined periodicity; a first electrode located on the first surface outside a region where the laser light is emitted; a second electrode provided on the second surface, the photonic crystal being located between the first surface and the second electrode; and a third electrode provided on the second surface and separated from the second electrode, the active layer extending between the first surface and the second electrode and between the first surface and the third electrode.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device including a cathode, an anode, an emitting layer arranged between the cathode and the anode, and an electron-transporting region arranged between the emitting layer and the cathode, wherein the electron-transporting region includes one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulas (1) to (4) and a rare earth element, and the electron-transporting region substantially does not include an alkali metal, a compound containing an alkali metal, a metal belonging to Group 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and a compound having a metal belonging to Group 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements.

Abstract: A communication system in which a server-side system and a client-side system are communicably connected via a network, the server-side system including: an information reception unit that receives an input information packet including input information and loss chunk numbers from the client-side system; a video processing unit that generates video data; a chunking function unit that chunks the video data and assigns a number to each chunk; a chunk loss determination unit that calculates a chunk loss rate and determines a transmission interval on the basis of a transmission interval determination logic; and a transmission control unit that transmits the chunked video data to the client-side system.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer bearer rotatable in a rotation direction and forming a developing range, a holder, and an entrance seal. The holder has a facing face facing the developer bearer upstream from the developing range in the rotation direction, a support face defining a part of an outer face of the developing device, and a relay face extending from one end of the support face to one end of the relay face connected to the facing face to form an acute tip portion closer to the developing range than the one end. The entrance seal has a free end projecting from the one end as a cantilever, and a length of the entrance seal from a tip of the free end of the entrance seal to the one end is shorter than a length of the relay face from the acute tip portion to the one end.

Abstract: A collar member is used for a spinning reel. The spinning reel has a reel body, a spool shaft that moves in a front-back direction with respect to the reel body, a pinion gear that rotates around the spool shaft, a rotor nut that rotates integrally with the pinion gear, and a bearing that is disposed between the spool shaft and the rotor nut in a radial direction and rotatably supports the rotor nut. The collar member is disposed between the spool shaft and the bearing in the radial direction. The collar member is formed by a resin material that has a linear expansion coefficient of 10×10?6 (1/° C.) or more and 50×10?6 (1/° C.) or less.

Abstract: A spinning reel has a reel body, a spool shaft, a spool, a spool ring, and a drag knob. The spool ring is disposed on the external radial portion of a front flange of the spool. The drag knob is disposed in front of the spool shaft. As seen from the outside of the spool ring in the radial direction, an angle formed by a tangent line, which passes through a contact point between an external radial portion and a spherical boundary and which is tangent to the spherical boundary, and a straight line, which is orthogonal to the spool shaft and which passes through the contact point, is less than or equal to degrees. The drag knob is disposed inside the spherical boundary.

Abstract: A toner container includes a container body, a gear, a held portion, an information storage device, a holding portion, and a connecting portion. The container body is rotatable around a rotation axis. The gear is disposed on a leading end of the toner container in the attaching direction of the toner container. The held portion is disposed such that the gear is exposed on the leading end in the attaching direction. The information storage device communicates with the body of the image forming apparatus. The holding portion is held by the held portion via the connecting portion. The information storage device, the holding portion, and the connecting portion are disposed at oblique positions excluding positions on a horizontal line and a vertical line. The connecting portion covers a part of the gear in a rotation direction and includes a rib-shaped portion that connects the held portion and the holding portion.

Abstract: A developer container to store developer includes a rotator, a bearing, and a seal. The rotator includes a rotary shaft made of metal. The bearing supports the rotary shaft. The seal is made of fiber, disposed toward an inside of the developer container in the bearing, and contacts an outer circumferential surface of the rotary shaft.

Abstract: A spinning reel includes a reel body, a rotor, a bail arm, a rod, a coil spring, a swing member, and a tubular member. The rotor rotates with respect to the reel body. The bail arm is configured to swing with respect to the rotor. The bail arm has a bail and a bail support member that supports one end of the bail. The rod is connected to the bail support member. The coil spring is disposed around the outer circumference of the rod and presses the rod toward the bail support member. The swing member has a bottom that supports the coil spring and is swingably supported by the rotor. The tubular member is supported by the swing member. The tubular member is disposed in the inner circumference of the coil spring. The rod is configured to slide in accordance with a swing movement of the bail arm.

Abstract: A spinning reel has a reel body, a spool shaft, a spool, a spool ring, and a drag knob. The spool ring is disposed on the external radial portion of a front flange of the spool. The drag knob is disposed in front of the spool shaft. As seen from the outside of the spool ring in the radial direction, an angle formed by a tangent line, which passes through a contact point between an external radial portion and a spherical boundary and which is tangent to the spherical boundary, and a straight line, which is orthogonal to the spool shaft and which passes through the contact point, is less than or equal to degrees. The drag knob is disposed inside the spherical boundary.

Abstract: A screen including a light control sheet which includes a front surface and a rear surface and has a transparent state and an opaque state, and a transparent reflective layer that faces the rear surface. The front surface is positioned such that light from a projection device is applied in the opaque state. The opaque state includes a state in which an average diffuse reflectance of visible light applied to the front surface is 10% or more and less than 20%.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a heating device including a heater, a developing device, and an airflow generation device. The heater includes a base, a heat generator, an electrode portion, and conductive portions. The conductive portions are disposed on one side and another side in a longitudinal direction in a heat generation region and spaced apart in a lateral direction intersecting the longitudinal direction. A maximum total value among total values of squares of current flowing in the conductive portions at longitudinal positions on the one side is larger than that on said another side. The developing device includes a rotating member and sliding portions. A sliding portion having highest temperature in operation is disposed on one side of the developing device being same as the one side of the heater in the longitudinal direction. The airflow generation device generates an airflow toward the one side of the developing device.

Abstract: A collar member is used for a spinning reel. The spinning reel has a reel body, a spool shaft that moves in a front-back direction with respect to the reel body, a pinion gear that rotates around the spool shaft, a rotor nut that rotates integrally with the pinion gear, and a bearing that is disposed between the spool shaft and the rotor nut in a radial direction and rotatably supports the rotor nut. The collar member is disposed between the spool shaft and the bearing in the radial direction. The collar member is formed by a resin material that has a linear expansion coefficient of 10×10-6 (1/°C) or more and 50×10-6 (1/°C) or less.

Abstract: A spinning reel includes a reel body, a rotor, a bail arm, a rod, a coil spring, a swing member, and a tubular member. The rotor rotates with respect to the reel body. The bail arm is configured to swing with respect to the rotor. The bail arm has a bail and a bail support member that supports one end of the bail. The rod is connected to the bail support member. The coil spring is disposed around the outer circumference of the rod and presses the rod toward the bail support member. The swing member has a bottom that supports the coil spring and is swingably supported by the rotor. The tubular member is supported by the swing member. The tubular member is disposed in the inner circumference of the coil spring. The rod is configured to slide in accordance with a swing movement of the bail arm.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a heating device including a heater, a developing device, and an airflow generation device. The heater includes a base, a heat generator, an electrode portion, and conductive portions. The conductive portions are disposed on one side and another side in a longitudinal direction in a heat generation region and spaced apart in a lateral direction intersecting the longitudinal direction. A maximum total value among total values of squares of current flowing in the conductive portions at longitudinal positions on the one side is larger than that on said another side. The developing device includes a rotating member and sliding portions. A sliding portion having highest temperature in operation is disposed on one side of the developing device being same as the one side of the heater in the longitudinal direction. The airflow generation device generates an airflow toward the one side of the developing device.

Abstract: A toner container includes a container body, a gear, a held portion, an information storage device, a holding portion, and a connecting portion. The container body is rotatable around a rotation axis. The gear is disposed on a leading end of the toner container in the attaching direction of the toner container. The held portion is disposed such that the gear is exposed on the leading end in the attaching direction. The information storage device communicates with the body of the image forming apparatus. The holding portion is held by the held portion via the connecting portion. The information storage device, the holding portion, and the connecting portion are disposed at oblique positions excluding positions on a horizontal line and a vertical line. The connecting portion covers a part of the gear in a rotation direction and includes a rib-shaped portion that connects the held portion and the holding portion.