Abstract: A semiconductor substrate with no reduction in the effective usage area and mechanical strength, and non-uniformity of the resist film thickness, and method of manufacturing and using the same are obtained. A detection mark for detecting the crystal orientation of a silicon wafer having an outer perimeter entirely of a circular contour is formed at a predetermined region of the silicon wafer. The crystal orientation of the semiconductor wafer can easily be detected with the outer perimeter still taking a circular contour. Therefore, various problems encountered in a conventional semiconductor substrate having an orientation flat or notch such as reduction in mechanical strength and effective usage area, and non-uniformity of the resist film can be circumvented.

Abstract: An automatic assembling apparatus automatically assembles such parts as an engine and a suspension to each work such as a car body conveyed by a conveyor. The system includes a parts truck and a screwing truck. The parts truck can be moved parallel to the conveying path of the conveyor and includes a coupling mechanism for coupling it to the conveyor and an approach truck for approaching the work while carrying the parts. The system further includes a screwing truck which can be moved parallel to the conveying path of the conveyor and includes a coupling mechanism for coupling it to the conveyor and a screwing mechanism for effecting screwing by approaching the work. The parts truck and the screwing truck are coupled to the conveyor and are moved in synchronism with the work. The parts are positioned as the approach truck approaches, and the screwing is effected as the screwing mechanism approaches. The parts are assembled without stop of the work.

Abstract: A semiconductor production apparatus employs a target prepared by using a solder alloy which has a limited Sn content. The solder alloy can form an alloy layer having large elongation between a metal target and a backing plate to prevent undesirable cracking and separation of target, whereby a semiconductor device can be produced with a high degree of reliability.

Abstract: An electrostatic recording element which is capable of forming clear images thereon independently from the temperature and humidity of the ambient atmosphere, and of being stored for a long period of time without deterioration thereof, which comprises:(a) a substrate comprising paper or a synthetic polymer film;(b) a conductive layer located on a surface of said substrate and comprising (1) powdered electroconductive zinc oxide which has been doped with a member selected from the group consisting of aluminium, copper and tin, and which has a specific resistivity of from 1.times.10.sup.-1 to 1.times.10.sup.2 ohm-cm, under a pressure of 150 kg/m.sup.2, (2) an organic fluorescent brightening agent in an amount of from 0.1 to 2.