Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate, having a volume resistivity of 5.0×107 [?m] or more and 5.0×109 [?m] or less, and having a thickness of 20 ?m or more and 40 ?m or less, a charge generation layer disposed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transport layer disposed on the charge generation layer, having a volume resistivity of 1.0×1013 [?m] or more and 5.0×1014 [?m] or less, and having a thickness of 15 ?m or more and 40 ?m or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, the electrophotographic photoreceptor having an outermost surface layer that contains a binder resin, a charge-transporting material, and a fluorine-containing resin particle, the fluorine-containing resin particle containing 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 106 carbon atoms, a charging device that charges the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the electrophotographic photoreceptor that is charged, a developing device that houses a developer containing a toner and that develops, with the developer, the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor into a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image onto a transfer-receiving medium, and an optical discharging device that, after the toner image i

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor includes: a conductive substrate; and a single-layer-type photoconductive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate, contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, and an electron transporting material, and has an index A represented by the following equation (1) in a range of ?7.98 or more and ?7.28 or less, Equation (1): A=(0.057×M)?(0.002×F)?(0.252×?), in which, in the equation (1), M represents a Martens hardness of the single-layer-type photoconductive layer, F represents a Young's modulus of the single-layer-type photoconductive layer, and ? represents an elastic deformation ratio of the single-layer-type photoconductive layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support. A top surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine-containing dispersant, and two or more charge transporting materials. When the charge transporting materials are listed in order of decreasing HOMO energy levels, a difference in HOMO energy level between each adjacent two of the charge The ratio A of the amount of each of the charge transporting materials to the total amount of the charge transporting materials satisfies the condition 1 below, [(100/N)?(100/N×0.3)]?A?[(100/N)+(100/N×0.3)]??Condition 1 where N represents the number of types of the charge transporting materials included in the top surface layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support; and an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer stacked on the conductive support, in which the undercoat layer contains crystalline electron transport compound particles. In X-ray diffraction measurement performed on the undercoat layer in a thickness direction, a maximum intensity peak has a half-width of 5° or less, and a maximum value Nmax among orientation indices N expressed by equation (1) below is 1 or more and 3 or less: Orientation index = l 1 ? l 1 l 2 ? l 2 ­­­(1) where I1 represents a relative integral intensity of each of peaks in the X-ray diffraction measurement performed on the undercoat layer in the thickness direction, and I2 represents a relative integral intensity of each of peaks in X-ray diffraction measurement performed on the undercoat layer processed into a powder form having a volume-average particle diameter of 5 µm or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer on the undercoat layer, in which the undercoat layer is formed of a cured product of a composition that contains a reactive group-containing triarylamine compound, a curing agent, and an electron transport material and that has a butyral resin content of 0 mass % or more and 5 mass % or less relative to all solid components in the undercoat layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support, an undercoat layer on the conductive support, and a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer, in which the charge generation layer contains a phthalocyanine compound, the undercoat layer contains an electron transport compound, and a difference between an energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the phthalocyanine compound and an energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the electron transport compound is less than 0.45 eV.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing resin particle contains 0 or more and 30 or less carboxyl groups per 106 carbon atoms and 0 ppm or more and 3 ppm or less of a basic compound.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine graft polymer, and an acidic compound having an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of 3 or less in water at 25° C. The amount of the acidic compound relative to the outermost surface layer is 100 ppm or more and 10000 ppm or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support. A top surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine-containing dispersant, and two or more charge transporting materials. When the charge transporting materials are listed in order of decreasing HOMO energy levels, a difference in HOMO energy level between each adjacent two of the charge The ratio A of the amount of each of the charge transporting materials to the total amount of the charge transporting materials satisfies the condition 1 below, [(100/N)?(100/N×0.3)]?A?[(100/N)+(100/N×0.3)]??Condition 1 where N represents the number of types of the charge transporting materials included in the top surface layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate, and a photoconductive layer, in which an outermost surface layer contains a binder resin, a charge transporting material, fluorine-containing resin particles, and an acidic compound, the number of carboxyl groups in the fluorine-containing resin particles is 0 or more and 30 or less per 106 carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing resin particles, and in a case where charging and exposure of the electrophotographic photoconductor are repeated 10,000 times under conditions of a charging potential of ?700 V and an exposure intensity of 5 mJ/m2, an absolute value |RP1?RP10000| of a difference between a residual potential RP1 after charging and exposure once and a residual potential RP10000 after charging and exposure 10,000 times is 25 V or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor includes: a conductive substrate; and a single-layer-type photoconductive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate, contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, and an electron transporting material, and has an index A represented by the following equation (1) in a range of ?7.98 or more and ?7.28 or less, Equation (1): A=(0.057×M)?(0.002×F)?(0.252×?), in which, in the equation (1), M represents a Martens hardness of the single-layer-type photoconductive layer, F represents a Young's modulus of the single-layer-type photoconductive layer, and ? represents an elastic deformation ratio of the single-layer-type photoconductive layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 106 carbon atoms. The outermost surface layer has a dielectric constant of 3.75 or more and 3.90 or less. The contact angle of pure water on the outermost surface layer is 90° or more.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing resin particle contains 0 or more and 30 or less carboxyl groups per 106 carbon atoms and 0 ppm or more and 3 ppm or less of a basic compound.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and an antioxidant. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 106 carbon atoms. A decrease in weight of the antioxidant when heated at 150° C. for 10 minutes in an air atmosphere is 40 mass % or less.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing resin particle contains 0 or more and 30 or less carboxyl groups per 106 carbon atoms and 0 ppm or more and 3 ppm or less of a basic compound.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 106 carbon atoms. The outermost surface layer has a dielectric constant of 3.75 or more and 3.90 or less. The contact angle of pure water on the outermost surface layer is 90° or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and an antioxidant. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 106 carbon atoms. A decrease in weight of the antioxidant when heated at 150° C. for 10 minutes in an air atmosphere is 40 mass % or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-containing resin particle and a fluorine-based graft polymer having a fluorinated alkyl group. A ratio of an amount of a fluorine-based graft polymer separated from the fluorine-containing resin particle to a total amount of the fluorine-based graft polymer in the outermost surface layer is 15% or less.

Abstract: A dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle on whose surface a dispersant having a fluorine atom is attached has a content of perfluorooctanoic acid of from 0 ppb to 25 ppb with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle, and a composition contains a polytetrafluoroethylene particle and a dispersant having a fluorine atom in which a content of perfluorooctanoic acid is from 0 ppb to 25 ppb with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.