Abstract: A driving system for driving an optical element in a first direction includes a linear actuator for producing a displacement in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, a displacement picking unit being extendable in a third direction, perpendicular to both of the first and second directions, for picking out a displacement of the linear actuator, and a direction converting unit disposed at the third-direction side of the linear actuator, for converting a direction of the displacement picked out by the displacement picking unit.

Abstract: A driving system for driving an optical element in a first direction includes a linear actuator for producing a displacement in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, a displacement picking unit being extendable in a third direction, perpendicular to both of the first and second directions, for picking out a displacement of the linear actuator, and a direction converting unit disposed at the third-direction side of the linear actuator, for converting a direction of the displacement picked out by the displacement picking unit.

Abstract: A driving system for driving an optical element in a first direction. The system includes a linear actuator for producing a displacement in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, a displacement picking unit being extendable in a third second direction, perpendicular to both of the first and second directions, for picking out a displacement of the linear actuator, and a direction converting unit, disposed at the third-direction second-direction side of the linear actuator, for converting a direction of the displacement picked out by the displacement picking unit into a third direction, perpendicular to both the first and second directions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a driving system for driving an optical element in a first direction, that includes a linear actuator for producing a displacement in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, a displacement picking unit being extendable in a third direction, perpendicular to both of the first and second directions, for picking out a displacement of the linear actuator, and a direction converting unit disposed at the third-direction side of the linear actuator, for converting a direction of the displacement picked out by the displacement picking unit.

Abstract: A machine tool tool changing device including a circular array of multiple collet fingers (5) housed in the shaft hole (12) of a spindle (1) capable of turning between a clamped position in which a tool holder (2) knob (22) is clamped and an unclamped position in which the knob is released, a collet sleeve (6) which surrounds the circular array of collet fingers and arrests the turning of same, an air cylinder which moves the collet sleeve axially relative to the collet fingers and releases the arresting of the collet fingers, a first plate spring (43) which exerts a strong force on the knob toward the spindle through the collet fingers, an air cylinder which removes the force exerted by the first plate spring, and a second plate spring (46) which exerts a force to maintain the collet fingers in the clamped position in opposition to the weight of the tool holder even if the collet fingers rotate and the force exerted by the first plate spring is removed.

Abstract: A machine tool spindle (1) having a through hole capable of housing a collect (30) which grips a tool holder (31) and a draw bar (27) to which the collect (30) is attached, and a tapered inner surface which holds the tool holder; the spindle being made of ceramic as a single cylindrical body. The single cylindrical body has a pair of enlongated holes (2) through which a pin (24) which moves the draw bar (27) in the axial direction of the spindle (1) penetrates. The spindle (91) is preferably made of silicon nitride ceramic, and has a thickness greater than about 0.1 times its outer diameter and greater than about 0.02 times its length.