Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) are ligands of the CRTH2 receptor and are useful in the treatment of respiratory disease: Formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 each independently are hydrogen, C1C6alkyl, fully or partially fluorinated C1C6alkyl, halo, —S(O)nR10, —SO2N(R10)2, —N(R10)2, —C(O)N(R10)2, —NR10C(O)R9, —CO2R10, —C(O)R9, —NO2, —CN or —OR11; wherein each R9 is independently C1C6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R10 is independently hydrogen, C1C6alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R11 is hydrogen, C1C6alkyl, fully or partially fluorinated C1C6alkyl or a group —SO2R9; n is 0, 1 or 2; R5 is C1C6alkyl, fully or partially fluorinated C1C6alkyl. C1C6alkenyl, C1C6alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R6 is hydrogen, C1C6alkyl or fully or partially fluorinated C1C6alkyl; R7 and R5 are independently hydrogen or C1C6alkyl, or R7 and R5 together with the atom to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl group; and X is —CHR6—, —S(O)n—, —NR6SO2— or —SO2NR6— wherein n is 0, 1 or 2.

Abstract: Compounds of formula [1] are CRTH2 antagonists, useful in the treatment of conditions having an inflammatory component; in which: R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6-fluoroalkyl, cyclopropyl, halo, —S(O)nR6, —SO2NR7R8, —NR7R8, —NR7C(O)R6, —CO2R7, —C(O)NR7R8, —C(O)R76, —NO2, —CN or a group —OR9; wherein each R6 is independently C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6-fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R7, R8 are independently C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6-fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-(C1-C6alkyl)-, aryl, heteroaryl or hydrogen; R9 is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6-fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cylcoalkyl-(C1-C6alkyl)-, or a group —SO2R6; A is —CHR10—, —C(O)—, —S(O)n—, —O—, or —NR10— wherein n is an integer from 0-2 and R10 is hydrogen C1-C3alkyl, or C1-C6-fluoroalkyl group; B is a direct bond, or a divalent radical selected from —CH2—, —CH2CH2—, —CHR11—, —CR11R12—, —CH2CHR11—, CH2CR11R12—, —CHR11CHR12—, and divalent radicals of formula —(CR11R12)p-Z- wherein Z is attached to the ring carrying R1, R2 an

Abstract: To identify errored bits in a binary data set, an ordered plurality of modulo-2 summations of respective selections of the data-set bits are compared with a target syndrome. The selections of data-set bits are defined by the connection of sum nodes to variable nodes in a logical network of nodes and edges where each variable node is associated with a respective data-set bit and each sum node corresponds to a respective modulo-2 summation. Any sum node for which the corresponding summation of selected data-set bits is found to be inconsistent with the target syndrome is identified as errored. Predetermined patterns of errored sum nodes are then looked for to identify one or more associated errored data-set bits.

Abstract: An apparatus for the measurement of at least one analyte in the blood of a patient, which includes a light source generating broadband light and a light-transmission arrangement having a plurality of transmitting fibers is positioned for simultaneously transmitting multiple wavelengths of the broadband light from the light source to the blood of the patient. The measurement apparatus further includes an optical fiber arrangement having a plurality of light detector fibers for leading multi-wavelength light, in spectrally unseparated form, transmitted through, or reflected from, the blood and a light detection arrangement for receiving the multi-wavelength light in its spectrally unseparated form from the optical fiber arrangement, for spectrally decomposing the received light, and for determining amplitudes of selected wavelengths of the decomposed light.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) are CRTH2 antagonists, useful in the treatment of, for example, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rhinitis, allergic airway syndrome, and allergic rhinobronchitis. Formula (I) wherein R1, R2.

Abstract: An apparatus for the measurement of at least one analyte in the blood of a patient, which includes a light source generating broadband light and a light-transmission arrangement having a plurality of transmitting fibers is positioned for simultaneously transmitting multiple wavelengths of the broadband light from the light source to the blood of the patient. The measurement apparatus further includes an optical fiber arrangement having a plurality of light detector fibers for leading multi-wavelength light, in spectrally unseparated form, transmitted through, or reflected from, the blood and a light detection arrangement for receiving the multi-wavelength light in its spectrally unseparated form from the optical fiber arrangement, for spectrally decomposing the received light, and for determining amplitudes of selected wavelengths of the decomposed light.

Abstract: A method of updating a data entry stored on a data storage unit, the data entry including data elements that are unique to the data storage unit and the data entry, the method comprising the steps of generating at the data storage unit an update request including the data entry for transmission to an authority authorised to update the data entry, extracting at the authority the unique data elements from the update request and verifying the authenticity of the data storage unit and data entry from the unique data elements, generating an updated data entry including a further data element unique to the updated data entry and derived from the updated data and transmitting the updated data entry to the data storage unit, and storing the updated data entry on the data storage unit.

Abstract: A method for generating a data transaction ID for an interaction between first and second units, the method comprising: the first data unit generating a first data item as a function of a first time data element, the first time data element being representative of a first time value, and transmitting the first data item to the second data unit; the second data unit generating a second data item as a function of the received first data item and transmitting the second data item to the first data unit; and the first data unit generating a third data item as a function of the second data item and a second time data element, the second time data element being representative of a second time value, wherein the third data item comprises a transaction ID unique to the interaction between the first and second data units.

Abstract: Various method and system embodiments of the present invention are directed to executing bit-commitment protocols. In one embodiment of the present invention, a method for executing a bit-commitment protocol for transmitting a bit from a first party to a second party comprises preparing a three qubits are entangled in a W-state, and storing a first of the three qubits in a first storage device controlled by the first party, a second of the three qubits is stored in a second storage device controlled by the second party, and a third of the three qubits is stored in a third storage device controlled by a third party. The bit is revealed to the second party by transmitting the first and third qubits to the second party and measuring the states of the three qubits to which of the entangled W-states the three qubits are in.

Abstract: Cryptographic methods are known that involve the computation of a non-degenerate bilinear mapping of first and second elements one of which comprises a secret of a first entity. For a mapping implemented as, for example, a Tate pairing, the mapping is computable by applying a predetermined function to the first and second elements and then exponentiating the result with a known exponent. Improvements in respect of computational loading, size of output, and security are enabled for the first party by arranging for the first entity to carry out only part of the mapping, a second entity being used to complete computation of the mapping. Cryptographic applications using these improvements are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of processing information to be confidentially transmitted from a first module to a second module provides that a first scalar multiplication may be carried out in order to obtain a first result [r]P). This first scalar multiplication comprises a plurality of generation steps of ordered factors from which a plurality of first partial sums are required to be built. The method also comprises the carrying out of a second scalar multiplication in order to obtain a second result. This second multiplication provides that a plurality of second partial sums may be built. A piece of encrypted information is obtained by processing the information based on the results of said scalar multiplications. The second partial sums of the second scalar multiplication use the same ordered factors obtained by the generation step of the first scalar multiplication.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods and systems for circumventing, and altering transmission-channel users of, transmission-channel disruptions. In one embodiment of the present invention, a source encodes information in a first signal and transmits the first signal in a source channel to a multiplexer. The multiplexer distributes the first signal over N transmission channels. A demultiplexer combines the signals distributed over the N transmission channels into a second signal encoding of the information. The distribution system also includes a detector that receives the second signal output from the demultiplexer, and one or more detectors that receive one or more additional signals output from the demultiplexer. The additional signals are produced by the demultiplexer when a disruption occurs in one or more of the transmission channels and are used to alert transmission-channel users of the disruption.

Abstract: An authentication method of a first module by a second module includes the steps of generating a first random datum by the second module to be sent to the first module, generating a first number by the first module starting from the first datum and by way of a private key, and generating a second number by the second module to be compared with the first number, so as to authenticate the first module. The step of generating the second number is performed starting from public parameters and is independent of the step of generating the first number.

Abstract: A method for encrypting data comprising deriving a public key using a first data set that defines an instruction; encrypting a second data set with the public key; providing the encrypted third data set to a recipient; providing the public key to a third party such that on satisfaction of the instruction the third party provides an associated private key to the recipient to allow decryption of the encrypted second data set.

Abstract: A device stores one-time pad data for use in carrying out various tasks. In order to preserve the ability to carry out important tasks that require the use of one-time data, use of the one-time pad data held by the device is controlled such that an amount of this one-time pad data is only usable by a predetermined set of important tasks comprising at least a replenishment task for replenishing the device with one-time pad data.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for evidencing to a first entity, such as a visa-checking authority, that a second entity, such as a traveller, possesses a particular attribute, such as right of entry to a specific country. The method involves a preliminary phase of verifying that the second entity has the attribute of interest; associating that attribute with a first one-time pad held by the first entity; and arranging for the second entity to possess a second one-time pad that is at least a subset of the first one-time pad. Thereafter, when the second entity wishes to prove to the first entity that it has the attribute of interest, it passes evidence data derived from the second one-time pad to the first entity. The first entity can then check for the presence, in the first one-time pad, of data matching, or usable to produce, the evidence data.

Abstract: A physical object comprises one or more memory circuits adapted to be read wirelessly by a reader device attached to or incorporated within the physical object. Data in the memory circuit is protected from access by an unauthorised reader. Data in the memory circuit is also adapted to identify an authorised bearer of the physical object. Moreover, data in the memory circuit is adapted to allow access to a specified asset or assets by the authorised bearer.

Abstract: A system is disclosed in which a plurality of devices are arranged to use one-time pad data to interact with apparatus holding the same one-time pad data. Each of the devices and the apparatus has its own one-time pad and the pads are all provisioned with the same new one-time pad data. Upon any one of the devices wishing to effect an interaction with the apparatus using one-time pad data, an alignment operation is carried out between a set of entities comprising at least the apparatus and the device wishing to carry out the interaction. The alignment operation serves to reduce the level of the one-time pad of at least the device wishing to carry out the interaction, to the level of the lowest one-time pad of the set of entities involved in the alignment operation.

Abstract: Secret random data is distributed to a plurality of devices to provision them with new one-time pad data for use in interacting with apparatus holding the same one-time pad data. This distribution is effected by provisioning a first device with a block of secret random data that is, or will become, available to the apparatus. Part of the secret random data is then distributed from the first device to one or more other devices in a hierarchical distribution pattern headed by the first device. Each device, other than those at the bottom of the distribution hierarchy, retains part of the secret random data it receives and passes on the remainder. Each device uses that part of the secret random data it has retained to provide the device with new one-time pad data. A method is also provided for tracking service usage based on the. distributed one-time pad data.

Abstract: A method of verifying the authenticity of a product, the method comprising reading data from a data storage device which forms part of the packaging of the product, determining from the data an identity code for the data storage device, a random first identifier allocated to the data storage device by the product manufacturer and a digital signature of a parameter which is based on at least a second identifier not derivable from the data, communicating with the product manufacturer or an entity associated therewith using the random first identifier as a reference, receiving from the product manufacturer or the entity associated therewith the second identifier, and verifying the digital signature using the second identifier.