Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling system, the cooling system having a nozzle which receives coolant from a reservoir and which faces a substrate. The nozzle may be opened and closed by a thermally responsive valve allowing the coolant to be automatically metered to the substrate, thus controlling the spatial distribution of the coolant that is applied to the substrate. This approach allows hotter areas of the substrate to receive more coolant, thus eliminating nonuniformities in the thermal profile of the substrate.

Abstract: Apparatus are provided for determining relative and absolute properties of anatomical matter, such as biological tissue including arteries as well as other surgical and medical materials. An illustrative apparatus includes a probe for probing the properties of the anatomical matter. The probe includes a probe shaft having a sense rod, where the sense rod has a proximal end and a distal end, and where the distal end has a probe tip that is configured to contact and probe the anatomical matter. The probe also includes a sensor in mechanical communication with the sense rod, where the sensor is configured to at least measure tissue relative tissue rigidity and/or absolute tissue rigidity, including rigidity of a material on an interior surface of the tissue, a fluid flow rate in an interior of the tissue, a fluid pressure in an interior of the tissue, and/or a viscosity of a fluid in an interior of the tissue.