Abstract: A fuel cell having an electrode and/or catalyst formed from a nano-carbon material, such as fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nano-fiber or metal encapsulated fullerene. Such fuel cells may not use platinum in the electrode or catalyst, or may use platinum in small amounts. The efficiency of the fuel cell may be increased by applying external energy to the electrode and/or catalyst. A cationic membrane may be positioned between the cathode and anode of the fuel cell. Also disclosed is an improved method for generating electricity from a fuel cell having at least one electrode formed from a nano-carbon material. To increase the efficiency of the fuel cell, the electrode or catalyst containing nano-carbon material may be irradiated with blue color diode light, or an electric current may be directed to the nano-carbon material.

Abstract: A fuel cell having an electrode and/or catalyst formed from a nano-carbon material, such as fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nano-fiber or metal encapsulated fullerene. Such fuel cells may not use platinum in the electrode or catalyst, or may use platinum in small amounts. The efficiency of the fuel cell may be increased by applying external energy to the electrode and/or catalyst. A cationic membrane may be positioned between the cathode and anode of the fuel cell. Also disclosed is an improved method for generating electricity from a fuel cell having at least one electrode formed from a nano-carbon material. To increase the efficiency of the fuel cell, the electrode or catalyst containing nano-carbon material may be irradiated with blue color diode light, or an electric current may be directed to the nano-carbon material.

Abstract: This speech training system enables students to rapidly acquire and perfect their pronunciation of English phrases by speaking along with videos presenting English phrases accompanied by conventionally-spelled English text and characters representing the correct mouth positions. Students learn the mouth positions, then listen to a phrase, speak it simultaneously following the mouth position characters, and read the text. Students of this method can compare their mouth movements to a model of standard pronunciation visually and auditorily. Students of English thus have a more reliable audiovisual means of learning and practicing correct English pronunciation.