Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive base material; an elastic layer that is provided on the conductive base material and has a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz; and a surface layer that is provided on the elastic layer, in which in a Cole-Cole plot obtained by measuring the charging member in a range of 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz by an alternating current impedance method, a resistance component Ra of a capacitive semicircle including 2.5 kHz is 6.3×104? or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a friction coefficient of a surface of 0.8 or less; a charging device including a charging member that is in contact with and charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and includes a conductive base material, an elastic layer provided on the conductive base material and having a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz, and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer; an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to form a toner image by a developer containing a toner; and a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive base material; an elastic layer that is provided on the conductive base material and has a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz; and a surface layer that is provided on the elastic layer, in which in a Cole-Cole plot obtained by measuring the charging member in a range of 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz by an alternating current impedance method, a resistance component Ra of a capacitive semicircle including 2.5 kHz is 6.3×104? or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a friction coefficient of a surface of 0.8 or less; a charging device including a charging member that is in contact with and charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and includes a conductive base material, an elastic layer provided on the conductive base material and having a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz, and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer; an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to form a toner image by a developer containing a toner; and a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes plural bristles including tips that come into contact with an object to be cleaned having a surface including recesses and projections; and a brush base to which the bristles are attached. The bristles each have a non-circular cross-section including a projecting portion that projects toward an outer periphery, at least the projecting portion having a size such that the projecting portion is capable of entering the recesses in the object to be cleaned.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a first cleaning part formed of a porous material and a second cleaning part formed of a porous material. The first cleaning part includes first projections each having a size that enables the first projections to pass between projecting portions of an object to be cleaned having surface irregularities and to reach the bottom of recessed portions of the object to be cleaned. The second cleaning part includes second projections larger than the first projections. The cleaning member cleans the object to be cleaned by coming into contact with the object to be cleaned.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a first cleaning part formed of a porous material and a second cleaning part formed of a porous material. The first cleaning part includes first projections each having a size that enables the first projections to pass between projecting portions of an object to be cleaned having surface irregularities and to reach the bottom of recessed portions of the object to be cleaned. The second cleaning part includes second projections larger than the first projections. The cleaning member cleans the object to be cleaned by coming into contact with the object to be cleaned.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image carrier that carries an image, a charging unit having a rotatable charging member that charges the image carrier, a developing unit that supplies a developer including at least toner to the charged image carrier, and a cleaning unit having a cleaning member that cleans a surface of the image carrier. At least when the image forming apparatus is not performing image formation, the charging member on which the toner from the image carrier is carried is caused to rotate at a peripheral velocity different from a peripheral velocity at which the image carrier rotates.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes plural bristles including tips that come into contact with an object to be cleaned having a surface including recesses and projections; and a brush base to which the bristles are attached. The bristles each have a non-circular cross-section including a projecting portion that projects toward an outer periphery, at least the projecting portion having a size such that the projecting portion is capable of entering the recesses in the object to be cleaned.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image carrier that carries an image, a charging unit having a rotatable charging member that charges the image carrier, a developing unit that supplies a developer including at least toner to the charged image carrier, and a cleaning unit having a cleaning member that cleans a surface of the image carrier. At least when the image forming apparatus is not performing image formation, the charging member on which the toner is carried is caused to rotate at a peripheral velocity different from a peripheral velocity at which the image carrier rotates.

Abstract: A light guide body that extends in a rod shape and guides light incident from an end surface thereof to emit the light from a circumferential surface thereof, the light guide body having a shape such that according to an angle of a circumferential direction around the light guide body, an amount of emitting light in a direction of the angle is different. Additionally, a static elimination device and an image forming apparatus include the light guide body.

Abstract: There is provided a light guide body that extends in a rod shape and guides light incident from an end surface thereof to emit the light from a circumferential surface thereof, the light guide body having a shape such that according to an angle of a circumferential direction around the light guide body, an amount of emitting light in a directoin of the angle is different. There is also provided a static elimination device and an image forming apparatus which include the light guide body.

Abstract: A cleaning brush includes bristles that have ends which come into contact with an object to be cleaned having irregularities on a surface thereof, and a brush base on which the bristles are arranged. The bristles include first bristles and second bristles. The first bristles have a thickness too great to reach bottoms of recessed portions of the irregularities on the surface of the object to be cleaned. The second bristles have a thickness small enough to reach the bottoms of the recessed portions of the irregularities on the surface of the object to be cleaned.

Abstract: A cleaning brush includes bristles that have ends which come into contact with an object to be cleaned having irregularities on a surface thereof, and a brush base on which the bristles are arranged. The bristles include first bristles and second bristles. The first bristles have a thickness too great to reach bottoms of recessed portions of the irregularities on the surface of the object to be cleaned. The second bristles have a thickness small enough to reach the bottoms of the recessed portions of the irregularities on the surface of the object to be cleaned.