Abstract: A pedal device includes: a pedal configured to rotate about a rotational axis; and a reaction force generator configured to generate a reaction force corresponding to an urging force generated by pressing operation of the pedal. The pedal includes an urging portion configured to transmit the urging force to the reaction force generator when the urging portion is rotated integrally with the pedal. The reaction force generator includes a linearly moving portion configured to move linearly in an extending direction of a central axis of the reaction force generator when the pressing operation is performed. The urging portion has an urging surface configured to urge a contact surface of the linearly moving portion. The urging portion is placed at a position where a virtual urging center passes through a virtual axis perpendicular line when the pedal is rotated within a predetermined rotational range.

Abstract: In a brake pedal device, a brake pedal is connected to a casing with a posture changeable by a brake operation of a driver, and includes an operation unit that is pressed by a driver. A reaction force generating unit is provided inside the casing, and the reaction force generating unit is configured to generate a reaction force with respect to the brake pedal in accordance with an amount of change in the posture of the brake pedal during the brake operation, and to cause the brake pedal to return to a reference position when the brake operation is released. A sensor unit is provided outside the casing, to detect an amount of change in the posture of the brake pedal, and a sensor protector is provided at the casing in a position away from the brake pedal, to cover at least a part of the sensor unit.

Abstract: A method for producing modified polytetrafluoroethylene including: polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modifying monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (I) containing a polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I) to obtain a modified polytetrafluoroethylene: wherein X1 and X3 are each independently F, Cl, H, or CF3; X2 is H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; A0 is an anionic group; R is a linking group; Z1 and Z2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; and m is an integer of 1 or more. Also disclosed is a composition containing the modified polytetrafluoroethylene and the polymer (I).

Abstract: A brake pedal device includes a support portion, a shaft member, a pedal base, and a pedal operating portion. An axis of the shaft member is positioned on an opposite side of a center line in a thickness direction of the pedal base from a surface of the pedal base facing the driver. A heel of the shoe is placed against a position on the floor or the like that is a predetermined distance on the rear side of the vehicle from the axis, and the driver can press down on the pedal operating portion with both the ball and the pad of the big toe in contact with an insole of the shoe. A positional relationship between the shaft member and the pedal operating portion is defined so that an angle at which a driver's MTP joint bends in an extension side increases as a pedal stroke increases.

Abstract: A housing is fixed to a vehicle. A pedal arm is provided at the housing to be rotatable about an axis within a predetermined angular range, and has a pedal operation part positioned at an upper side of the vehicle above the axis, which is a part stepped on by a driver. A covering member is provided at the pedal art and covers all or part of an area outside the housing, where the pedal arm rotates and operates, which is a front side of the vehicle, a right side in a vehicle width direction and a left side in the vehicle width direction, relative to a pedal operating area.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, wherein the surfactant is a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon-containing surfactant.

Abstract: A brake pedal device includes a pedal pad rotatable about an axis when stepped on by a driver, and a reaction force generation mechanism generating a reaction force to the pedal pad according to a stepping amount of the pedal pad. The pedal pad includes a pedal base portion extending away from an axis side end to another end, and a pedal operation portion attached to the pedal base portion and stepped on by the driver. The pedal operation portion protrudes toward a pedal return side in a rotation direction about the axis with respect to the pedal base portion, and a surface of the pedal operation portion has a plane portion that is configured as a flat surface and is stepped on by the driver, so that the reaction force generated by the reaction force generation mechanism acts on the pedal pad in a direction piercing the plane portion.

Abstract: In a brake pedal device, a brake pedal is connected to a casing with a posture changeable by a brake operation of a driver, and includes an operation unit that is pressed by a driver. A reaction force generating unit is provided inside the casing, and the reaction force generating unit is configured to generate a reaction force with respect to the brake pedal in accordance with an amount of change in the posture of the brake pedal during the brake operation, and to cause the brake pedal to return to a reference position when the brake operation is released. A sensor unit is provided outside the casing, to detect an amount of change in the posture of the brake pedal, and a sensor protector is provided at the casing in a position away from the brake pedal, to cover at least a part of the sensor unit.

Abstract: A brake pedal device includes a pedal pad rotatable about an axis when stepped on by a driver, and a reaction force generation mechanism generating a reaction force to the pedal pad according to a stepping amount of the pedal pad. The pedal pad includes a pedal base portion extending away from an axis side end to another end, and a pedal operation portion attached to the pedal base portion and stepped on by the driver. The pedal operation portion protrudes toward a pedal return side in a rotation direction about the axis with respect to the pedal base portion, and a surface of the pedal operation portion has a plane portion that is configured as a flat surface and is stepped on by the driver, so that the reaction force generated by the reaction force generation mechanism acts on the pedal pad in a direction piercing the plane portion.

Abstract: Composition including a fluoropolymer; and a polymer (1) including a polymerized unit (1) derived from a monomer represented by formula (1) (CX2?CY(—CZ2—O—Rf-A)) where X is the same or different and is —H or —F; Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is the same or different and is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group; Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond; and A is —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M, where M is —H, a metal atom, —NR74, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, wherein R7 is H or an organic group, and at least one of X, Y, and Z contains a fluorine atom

Abstract: A surfactant for polymerization including at least one selected from a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb, wherein R1a, R2a, R3a, Xa, R1b, R2b, R3b, R4b, L and Xb are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a composition containing a fluoropolymer and the at least one surfactant, a composition containing a fluoropolymer and a compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2, where M2 is as defined herein, and a molded article made from the composition containing a fluoropolymer and the compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2.

Abstract: A method for producing modified polytetrafluoroethylene including: polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and a modifying monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (I) containing a polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I) to obtain a modified polytetrafluoroethylene: CX1X3=CX2R(—CZ1Z2-A0)m??(I) wherein X1 and X3 are each independently F, Cl, H, or CF3; X2 is H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; A0 is an anionic group; R is a linking group; Z1 and Z2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; and m is an integer of 1 or more. Also disclosed is a composition containing the modified polytetrafluoroethylene and the polymer (I).

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (1), the polymer (1) including a polymerized unit derived from a monomer CX2?CY(—CZ2—O—Rf-A), wherein X is the same or different and is —H or —F; Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is the same or different and is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group; Rf is a C1-C40 fluorine-containing alkylene group or a C2-C100 fluorine-containing alkylene group and having an ether bond; and A is —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M, wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR74, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, wherein R? is H or an organic group, providing that at least one of X, Y, and Z contains a fluorine atom.

Abstract: A surfactant for polymerization including at least one selected from a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb, wherein R1a, R2a, R3a, Xa, R1b, R2b, R3b, R4b, L and Xb are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a composition containing a fluoropolymer and the at least one surfactant, a composition containing a fluoropolymer and a compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2, where M2 is as defined herein, and a molded article made from the composition containing a fluoropolymer and the compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2.

Abstract: A pedal pad in an organ-type pedal device swings about a predetermined axis when stepped on by a driver's foot. A sensor unit outputs a signal corresponding to a swing angle of the pedal pad. A reaction force generation mechanism generates a reaction force against a driver's stepping force applied to the pedal pad. A first housing holds or covers at least one of a rotation shaft provided at the axis of the swinging of the pedal pad, the sensor unit, and the reaction force generation mechanism. A second housing is made of a rigid portion having a Young's modulus greater than that of the first housing or has the rigid portion at least in part. The second housing is configured to support a portion of the reaction force generation mechanism on one side opposite to the pedal pad by the rigid portion.

Abstract: A polytetrafluoroethylene having a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more and a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more. Also disclosed is a stretched body including the polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: A pedal pad in an organ-type pedal device swings about a predetermined axis when stepped on by a driver's foot. A sensor unit outputs a signal corresponding to a swing angle of the pedal pad. A reaction force generation mechanism has an elastic member that generates a reaction force against a driver's pedaling force applied to the pedal pad. A first housing covers the reaction force generation mechanism, and an opening at least on one side. A second housing is provided on one side of the first housing in a swing direction of the pedal pad. Further, the first housing has a largest opening on a second housing side, which is closed by the second housing and into which the elastic member of the reaction force generation mechanism in a non-bending state is insertable.

Abstract: A composition including a polytetrafluoroethylene and a polymer (I) containing a polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I), the composition having a standard specific gravity of 2.200 or less: CX1X3=CX2R(—CZ1Z2-A0)m??(I) wherein X1 and X3 are each independently F, Cl, H, or CF3; A0 is an anionic group; X2 is H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; R is a linking group; Z1 and Z2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; and m is an integer of 1 or more.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing a fluoropolymer, the method including polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium to obtain a polymerization dispersion containing the fluoropolymer, and bringing the fluoropolymer in the polymerization dispersion into contact with an alcohol having 3 to 5 carbon atoms to coagulate the fluoropolymer to thereby obtain the fluoropolymer.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a composition containing a fluororesin, the method comprising polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (I) containing a polymerization unit (I) derived from a monomer (I) represented by the general formula (I) to obtain a polymerization dispersion containing a fluororesin containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit, coagulating the fluororesin in the polymerization dispersion to obtain a coagulate, and washing the coagulate to obtain a composition containing the fluororesin, wherein (1) the coagulation is carried out by bringing the fluororesin in the polymerization dispersion into contact with an organic solvent, and/or (2) the washing is carried out by bringing the coagulate into contact with an organic solvent, CX1X3?CX2R(—CZ1Z2-A0)m??(I) wherein the definitions of the reference signs in the formula are as provided in the specification.