Abstract: A fuel cell stack system is configured to uniformly supply a fuel or an electrolytic solution to each of fuel cell elements, and an electronic device using the fuel cell stack system are provided. An electrolytic solution channel allowing an electrolytic solution to flow therethrough is arranged between a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode, and a fuel channel allowing a fuel to flow therethrough is arranged outside of the fuel electrode. The electrolytic solution channels and the fuel channels of all fuel cell elements are connected in series to one another. That is, the fuel or the electrolytic solution emitted from an outlet of the fuel channel or the electrolytic solution channel of one fuel cell element enters into an inlet of the fuel channel or the electrolytic solution channel of the next fuel cell element through a connection channel.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for manufacturing a surface-emitting laser device includes the steps of forming a laminated body in which a lower reflecting mirror, a resonator structure including an active layer, and an upper reflecting layer having a selective oxidized layer are laminated on a substrate; etching the laminated body to form a mesa structure having the selective oxidized layer exposed at side surfaces thereof; selectively oxidizing the selective oxidized layer from the side surfaces of the mesa structure to form a constriction structure in which a current passing region is surrounded by an oxide; forming a separating groove at a position away from the mesa structure; passivating an outermost front surface of at least a part of the laminated body exposed when the separating groove is formed; and coating a passivated part with a dielectric body.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for manufacturing a surface-emitting laser device includes the steps of forming a laminated body in which a lower reflecting mirror, a resonator structure including an active layer, and an upper reflecting layer having a selective oxidized layer are laminated on a substrate; etching the laminated body to form a mesa structure having the selective oxidized layer exposed at side surfaces thereof; selectively oxidizing the selective oxidized layer from the side surfaces of the mesa structure to form a constriction structure in which a current passing region is surrounded by an oxide; forming a separating groove at a position away from the mesa structure; passivating an outermost front surface of at least a part of the laminated body exposed when the separating groove is formed; and coating a passivated part with a dielectric body.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for manufacturing a surface-emitting laser device includes the steps of forming a laminated body in which a lower reflecting mirror, a resonator structure including an active layer, and an upper reflecting layer having a selective oxidized layer are laminated on a substrate; etching the laminated body to form a mesa structure having the selective oxidized layer exposed at side surfaces thereof; selectively oxidizing the selective oxidized layer from the side surfaces of the mesa structure to form a constriction structure in which a current passing region is surrounded by an oxide; forming a separating groove at a position away from the mesa structure; passivating an outermost front surface of at least a part of the laminated body exposed when the separating groove is formed; and coating a passivated part with a dielectric body.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, an electronic device uses a fuel cell which reduces thickness of the overall fuel cell while reducing electrical resistance. In one example embodiment, a flow path that distributes an electrolyte is included between a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode. In one example embodiment, a current collector on the fuel electrode side has a pair of current collector terminals in opposing-corner positions. Similarly, a current collector on the oxygen electrode side has a pair of current collector terminals in opposing-corner positions. The current collector terminals project outside the fuel cell. Thereby, connection of unit cells within the battery is facilitated, a monopolar plate structure becomes easier to use as the current collector, and distance of flowing current is shortened.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a fuel electrode, an oxygen electrode, an electrolytic solution, a fuel flow passage, etc. The fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode are composed of a catalyst layer, a diffusion layer, and a collector, respectively. A methanol aqueous solution, etc. is continuously supplied to the fuel flow passage. Catalyst particulates consisting of platinum, ruthenium, palladium, etc. are in a dispersed state in the electrolytic solution. If a portion of fuel, such as methanol, passes through the fuel electrode as unreacted, and diffuses through the electrolytic solution to move to the oxygen electrode, oxidation reduction reactions between the methanol, and the oxygen which moves to the fuel electrode from the oxygen electrode are efficiently caused by the catalyst particulates so as to cancel each other.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy generation device includes an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell having an electrolyte film arranged between an anode and a cathode and a reference electrode maintained at an oxidation-reduction potential between an metal and a metal ion and arranged in contact with the electrolyte film. The electrochemical energy generation device is operated by measuring a potential of the anode and the cathode based on the reference electrode, deciding the operation condition such as a fuel supply amount to the electrochemical device according to the result of the potential measurement of the anode and the cathode, and selling the operation condition such as the fuel supply amount according to the decision, by an operation condition setting unit. An operation method of the device and an electrochemical device constituting the device are also provided.

Abstract: A write-once-read-many optical recording medium is disclosed that includes a support substrate; a recording layer on the support substrate, the recording layer containing an oxide of one of a metal and a metalloid as a principal component; and a layer adjacent to the recording layer. The recording layer includes a region where a constituent element of the adjacent layer is dispersed. Recording and reproduction are performable with laser light of a blue wavelength region.

Abstract: A disclosed surface-emitting laser includes a substrate and multiple semiconductor layers stacked on the substrate. A normal of the principal plane of the substrate is inclined with respect to one of crystal orientations <1 0 0> toward one of crystal orientations <1 1 1>. The semiconductor layers include a resonator structure including an active layer; and a semiconductor multilayer mirror stacked on the resonator structure. The semiconductor multilayer mirror includes a confined structure where a current passage area is surrounded by an oxidized area including at least an oxide generated by oxidation of a part of a selective oxidation layer containing aluminum. A strain field caused by the oxidation is present at least in a part of the vicinity of the oxidized area. In the strain field, the amount of strain in a first axis direction is different from the amount of strain in a second axis direction.

Abstract: To provide an electrochemical energy generating apparatus which can regulate the operating conditions of an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell, according to a change of the internal properties of the device, achieving high energy density, and a method for driving the apparatus.

Abstract: There is provided a fuel cell capable of ensuring high safety, and capable of obtaining favorable characteristics such as power density. As a first fluid containing an electrolyte, an ion conductor in which an organic compound which is solid at a room temperature and which has at least one of a sulfonic acid group and a phosphoinic acid group is dissolved in a solvent flows through an electrolyte path arranged between a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode. Thereby, it is possible to suppress resistance between the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode low. Also, in the case where the solvent is evaporated due to an environmental change, since that organic compound remains as solid, a surrounding member is unlikely to be corroded.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack system is configured to uniformly supply a fuel or an electrolytic solution to each of fuel cell elements, and an electronic device using the fuel cell stack system are provided. An electrolytic solution channel allowing an electrolytic solution to flow therethrough is arranged between a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode, and a fuel channel allowing a fuel to flow therethrough is arranged outside of the fuel electrode. The electrolytic solution channels and the fuel channels of all fuel cell elements are connected in series to one another. That is, the fuel or the electrolytic solution emitted from an outlet of the fuel channel or the electrolytic solution channel of one fuel cell element enters into an inlet of the fuel channel or the electrolytic solution channel of the next fuel cell element through a connection channel.

Abstract: Provided are a fuel cell capable of improving power generating characteristics, and an electronic device using the same. The fuel cell includes a fuel/electrolyte flow path between an oxygen electrode and a fuel electrode. An external member is bonded onto a surface of a current collector constituting the oxygen electrode with an adhesive film in between. A grooving process is performed on the adhesive film, and an air flow path is provided between the current collector and the external member. Air (oxygen) is supplied to the oxygen electrode through the air flow path. A water repellent region is provided on the surface of the current collector corresponding to the air flow path. By using the adhesive film, strong adhesiveness is obtained between the air flow path and the current collector, so water discharging capability is improved while the adhesiveness is maintained.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for manufacturing a surface-emitting laser device includes the steps of forming a laminated body in which a lower reflecting mirror, a resonator structure including an active layer, and an upper reflecting layer having a selective oxidized layer are laminated on a substrate; etching the laminated body to form a mesa structure having the selective oxidized layer exposed at side surfaces thereof; selectively oxidizing the selective oxidized layer from the side surfaces of the mesa structure to form a constriction structure in which a current passing region is surrounded by an oxide; forming a separating groove at a position away from the mesa structure; passivating an outermost front surface of at least a part of the laminated body exposed when the separating groove is formed; and coating a passivated part with a dielectric body.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a fuel electrode, an oxygen electrode, an electrolytic solution, a fuel flow passage, etc. The fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode are composed of a catalyst layer, a diffusion layer, and a collector, respectively. A methanol aqueous solution, etc. is continuously supplied to the fuel flow passage. Catalyst particulates consisting of platinum, ruthenium, palladium, etc. are in a dispersed state in the electrolytic solution. If a portion of fuel, such as methanol, passes through the fuel electrode as unreacted, and diffuses through the electrolytic solution to move to the oxygen electrode, oxidation reduction reactions between the methanol, and the oxygen which moves to the fuel electrode from the oxygen electrode are efficiently caused by the catalyst particulates so as to cancel each other.

Abstract: In a fuel cell unit, oxygen electrodes are disposed on both face sides of a fuel electrode. The fuel electrode has a diffusion layer and a catalyst layer on both faces of a current collector, and each of the oxygen electrodes has a diffusion layer and a catalyst layer on the faces opposed to the fuel electrode of the current collector. A fuel/electrolyte channel for passing a fluid containing a fuel and an electrolyte is provided between the fuel electrode and each of the oxygen electrodes. The fuel and the electrolyte are supplied to both faces of the one fuel electrode, so that a reaction occurs and power is obtained between the fuel electrode and each of the oxygen electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy generation device (50) includes an electrochemical device (10) such as a fuel cell having an electrolyte film (1) arranged between an anode (6) and a cathode (7) and a reference electrode (9) maintained at an oxidation-reduction potential between an metal and a metal ion and arranged in contact with the electrolyte film (1). The electrochemical energy generation device (50) is operated by measuring a potential of the anode (6) and the cathode (7) based on the reference electrode (9), deciding the operation condition such as a fuel supply amount to the electrochemical device (10) according to the result of the potential measurement of the anode (6) and the cathode (7), and selling the operation condition such as the fuel supply amount according to the decision, by an operation condition setting unit (20).

Abstract: A disclosed surface-emitting laser includes a substrate and multiple semiconductor layers stacked on the substrate. A normal of the principal plane of the substrate is inclined with respect to one of crystal orientations <1 0 0> toward one of crystal orientations <1 1 1>. The semiconductor layers include a resonator structure including an active layer; and a semiconductor multilayer mirror stacked on the resonator structure. The semiconductor multilayer mirror includes a confined structure where a current passage area is surrounded by an oxidized area including at least an oxide generated by oxidation of a part of a selective oxidation layer containing aluminum. A strain field caused by the oxidation is present at least in a part of the vicinity of the oxidized area. In the strain field, the amount of strain in a first axis direction is different from the amount of strain in a second axis direction.

Abstract: A write-once-read-many optical recording medium is disclosed that includes a support substrate; a recording layer on the support substrate, the recording layer containing an oxide of one of a metal and a metalloid as a principal component; and a layer adjacent to the recording layer. The recording layer includes a region where a constituent element of the adjacent layer is dispersed. Recording and reproduction are performable with laser light of a blue wavelength region.

Abstract: An ion conductor that has high ion conductivity, is hardly affected by environmental change, and thus can improve the safety is provided. As a first fluid F1 containing an electrolyte, the ion conductor containing an ionic solid having ion conductivity and a dispersion medium for dispersing the ionic solid is flown through an electrolyte flow path between a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode. Despite the solid dispersion solution, the ion conductivity is high. In addition, in the case where the dispersion medium is evaporated according to the environmental change, only the ionic solid remains. Accordingly, there is no possibility to corrode surrounding members and thus the safety is high. As the ionic solid, an ion-exchange resin such as a styrene-based cation-exchange resin and a polyperfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid-based resin is preferable. The ion conductor is prepared by mixing 15 wt % of the ion-exchange resin with water as the dispersion medium, and pulverizing the mixture by a ball mill.