Abstract: A method of manufacturing a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser element includes: providing a nitride semiconductor layer including an n-side semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a p-side semiconductor layer in this order; covering at least a first portion of a surface of the p-side semiconductor layer with a mask member while a second portion of the surface of the p-side semiconductor layer is not covered with the mask member; forming an oxide film on the second portion of the surface of the p-side semiconductor layer and the mask member; heat-treating the nitride semiconductor layer and the oxide film; removing the oxide film and the mask member after the heat-treating of the nitride semiconductor layer and the oxide film; and forming an electrode extending over the first portion and the second portion of the surface of the p-side semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a vertical cavity surface emitting laser element including a first reflector including a nitride semiconductor multilayer film, the method includes: growing a first semiconductor layer consisting of a group III semiconductor containing aluminum and indium, the growing of the first semiconductor layer consisting of growing a first layer by supplying an aluminum source gas, an indium source gas, and a nitrogen source gas, and growing a second layer by supplying an aluminum source gas, an indium source gas, and a nitrogen source gas so that an indium composition ratio of the second layer is higher than an indium composition ratio of the first layer; and growing a second semiconductor layer consisting of gallium nitride. The growing of the first semiconductor layer and the growing of the second semiconductor are repeated alternately to form the nitride semiconductor multilayer film constituting the first reflector.

Abstract: A vertical cavity surface emitting laser element includes a first light reflecting film, a nitride semiconductor layered body, a p-electrode and a second light reflecting film. The nitride semiconductor layered body includes an n-side semiconductor layer disposed on the first light reflecting film, an active layer disposed on the n-side semiconductor layer, and a p-side semiconductor layer disposed on the active layer. The p-side semiconductor layer includes a protrusion and a surface around the protrusion. The p-electrode is in contact with an upper surface of the protrusion, and extends to the surface around the protrusion. The p-electrode is light-transmissive. The second light reflecting film is disposed on the p-electrode. A height of the protrusion as measured from the surface around the protrusion is smaller than a thickness of the p-electrode.

Abstract: A surgical instrument for both chopping and splitting the nucleus of an eye has a handle housing a shaft mounted within a guide tube which slides into and out of the instrument to bring first and second jaws into and out of contact with one another. The jaws are planar and positioned approximately perpendicular with the axis of the handle. The bottom edges of the jaws are brought into alignment to form a cutting edge when the jaws are forced together, and separate to perform a splitting action within a cut when the jaws are moved apart.

Abstract: A surgical instrument which both incises and splits the nucleus of a lens has a pair of 5 spring steel segments slidably received in a metallic tube. Each segment terminates in a tip. As the spring steel segments are drawn into the tube the tips come together to form a cutting edge useful for incising the lens. When the segments are extended from the tube the tips separate, forcing the incision open until the lens is split.

Abstract: A surgical instrument for both chopping and splitting the nucleus of an eye has a handle housing a shaft mounted within a guide tube which slides into and out of the instrument to bring first and second jaws into and out of contact with one another. The jaws are planar and positioned approximately perpendicular with the axis of the handle. The bottom edges of the jaws are brought into alignment to form a cutting edge when the jaws are forced together, and separate to perform a splitting action within a cut when the jaws are moved apart.

Abstract: A surgical instrument which both incises and splits the nucleus of a lens has a pair of 5 spring steel segments slidably received in a metallic tube. Each segment terminates in a tip. As the spring steel segments are drawn into the tube the tips come together to form a cutting edge useful for incising the lens. When the segments are extended from the tube the tips separate, forcing the incision open until the lens is split.

Abstract: A surgical instrument which both incises and splits the nucleus of a lens has a pair of spring steel segments slidably received in a metallic tube. Each segment terminates in a tip. As the spring steel segments are drawn into the tube the tips come together to form a cutting edge useful for incising the lens. When the segments are extended from the tube the tips separate, forcing the incision open until the lens is split.

Abstract: A surgical instrument which both incises and splits the nucleus of a lens has a pair of spring steel segments slidably received in a metallic tube. Each segment terminates in a tip. As the spring steel segments are drawn into the tube the tips come together to form a cutting edge useful for incising the lens. When the segments are extended from the tube the tips separate, forcing the incision open until the lens is split.