Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a wound electrode body structured by spirally winding electrodes with a separator in between, the electrode having a strip shape and being formed by forming a mixture layer on a current collector having a strip shape, a hollow cylindrical center pin that is inserted into a center hole of the wound electrode body, and a battery can, in which the wound electrode body having the center pin inserted therein is stored. The center pin is formed in such a way that the center pin does not crash by a force equal to 34N or less.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a wound electrode body structured by spirally winding electrodes with a separator in between, the electrode having a strip shape and being formed by forming a mixture layer on a current collector having a strip shape, a hollow cylindrical center pin that is inserted into a center hole of the wound electrode body, and a battery can, in which the wound electrode body having the center pin inserted therein is stored. The center pin is formed in such a way that the center pin does not crash by a force equal to 34N or less.

Abstract: Error detection and correction capability is improved compared to the conventional art, without lowering the transmission efficiency. When a class dividing circuit 101 is supplied with the information code from a voice encoder, according to the definition assigned to the information code by the class divider extremely important class 0 information code is supplied to a CRC calculation circuit 102 and a block coding circuit 103, the next most important class 1 information code is supplied to a block coding circuit 105, and the next most important class 2 information code is supplied directly to an interleaving circuit 107. The CRC calculating circuit 102 obtains error correction information for the class 0 information code supplied from the class dividing circuit 101, generates data with error detection information appended thereto, and supplies it to a class 0 block coding circuit 103.

Abstract: A code-excited linear predictive coder or decoder for a speech signal has an adaptive codebook, a stochastic codebook, and a pulse codebook. A constant excitation signal is obtained by choosing between a stochastic excitation signal selected from the stochastic codebook and an impulsive excitation signal selected from the pulse codebook. The constant excitation signal is filtered to produce a varied excitation signal more closely resembling the original speech signal. The varied excitation signal is combined with an adaptive excitation signal selected from the adaptive codebook to produce a final excitation signal, which is filtered to generate a synthesized speech signal. The final excitation signal is also used to update the adaptive codebook.

Abstract: There is provided a code excitation linear predictive (CELP) coding or decoding apparatus in which a code vector, which is transmitted by a codebook such as a stochastic codebook, is converted adaptively in accordance with vocal tract analysis information (LPC) so that a high quality reproduction speech is obtained at a low coding rate. Further, in order to obtain a similar effect, a pulse-like excitation codebook formed of an isolated impulse is provided in addition to the adaptive excitation codebook and stochastic excitation codebook so that either the stochastic excitation codebook or the pulse-like excitation codebook is selectively used to provide a vocal tract parameter as a linear spectrum pair parameter.

Abstract: A data receiver receives code data having a variable data rate and encoded with any one of a plurality of data rates and then repeated in accordance with the respective data rates to be provided with the same data rate thereby, and restores, frame by frame, the received code data to data having original data rates. The receiver has a data rate detecting circuit which sequentially receives one frame of code data having the same data rate at a time, and detects the data rate of the code data assigned before the repetition. A data rate restoring circuit restores, based on the detected data rate, the frame of code data to the data having the original data rate. A data reproducing circuit reproduces the original signal out of the code data restored by the data rate restoring circuit.

Abstract: Digital operational circuitry includes a first adder/subtractor for adding a first pathmetric to a first branchmetric to develop a first value of pathmetric, and a second adder/subtractor for subtracting the first branchmetric from a second pathmetric to develop a second value of pathmetric. The addition and subtraction are performed by the first and second adder/subrtactors complementarily to each other. The first and second values of pathmetric are compared in likelihood to each other, and in response to the results from the comparison, either of the first and second values of pathmetric is selected and stored in a storage. The circuitry also includes a third adder/subtractor for adding the pathmetric read out from the storage to a second branchmetric to develop a third value of pathmetric, and a fourth adder/subtractor for subtracting the second branchmetric from the pathmetric read out from the storage to develop a fourth value of pathmetric.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for double-talk detection in an echo canceller that uses an adaptive digital filter to estimate, from a received signal and a transmitted signal to which an echo signal of the received signal is added, the characteristics of an echo path and generate a simulated echo signal, and subtracts this echo replica from the transmitted signal in order to transmit a residual signal from which the echo signal has been removed, and which during the course of this operation detects the double-talk state according to a double-talk detection threshold and inhibits the estimation of adaptive digital filter; adaptive estimation and the double-talk detection threshold are controlled in accordance with the state of system e.g., whether it is in the single-talk state, whether the echo signal is active or idle, whether there are fluctuations in the echo path, or whether howling is taking place.

Abstract: In an ADPCM encoding and decoding system comprising an encoder having an adaptive predictor and an adaptive quantizer and a decoder having an adaptive predictor and an inverse adaptive quantizer, the adaptive predictors each comprise: an adaptive-zero predictor of an arbitrary order and an adaptive-pole predictor of an arbitrary order, for input signals with time-varying frequency components; a fixed-pole predictor of an arbitrary order, for input signals the frequency composition of which remains substantially invariant over time; and an offset predictor for rejecting an offset component of the input signals, these elements being connected in series. The adaptive-zero and adaptive-pole predictors generate estimates for voice signals with time-varying frequency components. The fixed-pole predictor generates estimates for voiceband data signals the frequency components of which remain substantially invariant over time.

Abstract: An adaptive digital filter which is used, for instance, for a prediction filter in an ADPCM modulator and an ADPCM demodulator, for providing stable operation and minimum phase shift response. The filter (FIG. 4, FIG. 5) has three parallel branches (A,B,C), two (A,B) of them have a plurality of series connected non-recursive filter elements (A.sub.1 -A.sub.n, B.sub.1 -B.sub.n) each of which has degree not larger than three relating to an operator (Z.sup.-1), and third branch (C) is merely a conductive line. Tap coefficients (c.sub.1, c.sub.2, . . ., d.sub.1, d.sub.2, . . . ) of non-recursive filter elements change according to solutions of the transfer of the filter. A numerator and/or a denominator of the transfer function of the present filter is a Chebychev polynominal relating to an operator (Z.sup.-1), and has a zero point and/or a pole. The solutions (w.sub.i, v.sub.i) of a numerator and a denominator locate alternately on a unit circle (FIG. 6) on a Z.sup.-1 plane.

Abstract: A dielectric filter (FIG. 16) for frequencies higher than VHF band comprising a closed conductive housing (112), a pair of input and output means provided at both the extreme ends of said housing (112), a dielectric body (111) with a plurality of linear parallel grooves (118) arranged in said housing (112), a plurality of conductive linear means (113) with the length of approximately 1/4 wavelength mounted in said dielectric body (111) between said grooves (118) so that one end of said resonators (113) is fixed to the common plane of the housing (112), a capacitor means (114, 115) provided between the other end of resonators (111,113,118) and said conductive housing (112) so that an electrode (115) of said capacitor may be trimmed by a laser beam to adjust the resonating frequency of each of said resonators (111,113,118) and a plurality of conductive rods (137) provided in said grooves (118) for improving the spurious characteristics of the filter.

Abstract: An adaptive digital filter which is used, for instance, for a prediction filter in an ADPCM modulator and an ADPCM demodulator, for providing stable operation and minimum phase shift response has been found. The filter (FIG. 4, FIG. 5) has three parallel branches (A,B,C), two (A,B) of them have a plurality of series connected non-recursive filter elements (A.sub.1 -A.sub.n, B.sub.1 -B.sub.n) each of which has degree not larger than three relating to an operator (Z.sup.-1), and third branch (C) is merely a conductive line. Tap coefficients (c.sub.1, c.sub.2, . . . , d.sub.1, d.sub.2, . . . ) of non-recursive filter elements change according to solutions of the transfer function of the filter. A numerator and/or a denominator of the transfer function of the present filter is a Chebychev polynominal relating to an operator (Z.sup.-1), and has a zero point and/or a pole. The solutions (w.sub.i, v.sub.i) of a numerator and a denominator locate alternately on a unit circle (FIG. 6) on a Z.sup.-1 plane.

Abstract: A dielectric filter (FIG. 16) for frequencies higher than VHF band comprising a closed conductive housing (112), a pair of input and output means provided at both the extreme ends of said housing (112), a dielectric body (111) with a plurality of linear parallel grooves (118) arranged in said housing (112), a plurality of conductive linear means (113) with the length of approximately 1/4 wavelength mounted in said dielectric body (111) between said grooves (118) so that one end of said resonators (113) is fixed to the common plane of the housing (112), a capacitor means (114, 115) provided between the other end of resonators (111,113,118) and said conductive housing (112) so that an electrode (115) of said capacitor may be trimmed by a laser beam to adjust the resonating frequency of each of said resonators (111,113,118) and a plurality of conductive rods (137) provided in said grooves (118) for improving the spurious characteristics of the filter.