Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a method which can easily and selectively modify specific sites on indentations or protrusions of indentation/protrusion structures fabricated by nano-imprinting. Pressing a mold having indentation/protrusion structures onto a polymer substrate comprising at least two layers of different chemical composition exposes the second layer, which has been covered by the outermost layer, in pillars formed as a result of the pressing. Site-specific chemical modification of the pillars can be achieved by formulating a desired chemical composition for the second layer beforehand, or by chemical modification of the exposed second layer cross-sections in the pillars.

Abstract: Disclosed is a resinous molded article which has a fine structure of a nanometer level and includes a material containing a polymer of a polymerizable organic fluorocompound. The polymer is formed from, for example, a monomeric precursor composition containing a methacrylate and/or an acrylate in combination with a fluorine-containing photopolymerizable monomeric precursor composition miscible with the former composition.

Abstract: Disclosed is a resinous molded article which has a fine structure of a nanometer level and includes a material containing a polymer of a polymerizable organic fluorocompound. The polymer is formed from, for example, a monomeric precursor composition containing a methacrylate and/or an acrylate in combination with a fluorine-containing photopolymerizable monomeric precursor composition miscible with the former composition.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a method which can easily and selectively modify specific sites on indentations or protrusions of indentation/protrusion structures fabricated by nano-imprinting. Pressing a mold having indentation/protrusion structures onto a polymer substrate comprising at least two layers of different chemical composition exposes the second layer, which has been covered by the outermost layer, in pillars formed as a result of the pressing. Site-specific chemical modification of the pillars can be achieved by formulating a desired chemical composition for the second layer beforehand, or by chemical modification of the exposed second layer cross-sections in the pillars.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a copper electroplating method for a printed circuit board having via-holes, which can reproducibly secure good plated film quality and via-hole filling capacity even when the board includes a resist or the like. The electroplating bath for electroplating of a printed circuit board, containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, bipyridinium, phenanthrolinium, quinolinium and phenazinium salts in the form of onium with an N-alkyl, N-aralkyl, N-aryl, N-alkylene or N-aralkylene moiety.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a deformed toner having a narrow toner particle size distribution, a simple manufacturing method of same, and an imaging apparatus using same.The toner particles are characterized in having an average diameter of d (d is in a range of 4-15 .mu.m), and that a volumetric fraction of the particles having the diameter in a range of d.+-.0.2 d equals to or exceeds 90% of total volume of the particles, and further, when a specific surface area of the toner per 1 cm.sup.3 determined by a BET method is expressed by A (m.sup.2/ g) and a specific gravity of the particle is expressed by D (g/cm.sup.3), A of the particles stands in a range expressed by an equation, 7/(D.multidot.d).ltoreq.A.ltoreq.10/(D.multidot.d).An image having a preferable definition can be obtained by improving a resolution of image by making the particle size distribution of toner particles narrow, and providing the toner having an electrification charge at least 10 .mu.C/g with a narrow distribution.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition for field effect display devices, comprising a nematic liquid crystal composition having a substantially positive dielectric anisotropy and at least one of o-terphenyl and m-terphenyl. This composition sufficiently functions at 2 V, because the threshold voltage of the liquid crystal composition can be made about 1.5 V.

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal composition having an improved response to a pulsating driving voltage for effecting a dynamic scattering mode which comprises a predominant amount of a nematic liquid crytal having properties of the dynamic scattering mode and 0.001 to 3% by weight of an onium halide salt having a nitrogen atom as a nucleus, the composition further containing a phenolic compound for improving the solubility of the onium halide salt in the lqiuid crystal and assisting in increasing the degree of dissociation of the neutral onium halide salt to ions.