Abstract: There is discussed a smart card comprising data memory, one or more processors operable to execute programs stored in the data memory, and an interface for receiving data from and transmitting data to a host device. The data memory stores a subscriber identification module for authenticating a subscriber of a wireless communications network. In accordance with the invention, the data memory further stores a domain management module operable to generate management signals, either manually or automatically, which i) retrieve information from the resource records from a domain name server or web page data for a domain associated with the subscriber and ii) modify the resource records stored by the domain name server or web page data for the domain associated with the subscriber.

Abstract: A communications network comprises a lower transport layer and an upper overlay incorporating a plurality of routers. Adjacencies are defined between respective pairs of routers. Path protection is provided by defining a software model of the overlay of the network and defining in the model a hierarchy of protection levels for the main path. Each protection level is characterised by a respective set of one or more broken adjacencies in the model, the adjacencies to be broken being determined from a knowledge of the underlying topology. A protection level is selected and a protection path avoiding the broken adjacencies associated with that protection level is calculated. If this calculated path is not available in the real network, a lower protection level in the hierarchy is selected and the protection path calculation repeated. The process continues until a suitable protection path is identified.

Abstract: A communications network comprises a lower transport layer and an upper overlay incorporating a plurality of routers. Adjacencies are defined between respective pairs of routers. Path protection is provided by defining a software model of the overlay of the network and defining in the model a hierarchy of protection levels for the main path. Each protection level is characterised by a respective set of one or more broken adjacencies in the model, the adjacencies to be broken being determined from a knowledge of the underlying topology. A protection level is selected and a protection path avoiding the broken adjacencies associated with that protection level is calculated. If this calculated path is not available in the real network, a lower protection level in the hierarchy is selected and the protection path calculation repeated. The process continues until a suitable protection path is identified.