Abstract: A device and method for measuring an impedance between first and second nodes in an electrical circuit without removing components includes at least one current source to provide first and second currents or current signals of known values. First and second probes contact the respective first and second nodes to apply the first and second currents. A third common probe contacts the circuit at a common node that experiences the same current flow as between the first and second nodes. At least one voltage meter measures voltages corresponding to the first and second currents. A processor calculates the impedance based on the known values of the currents, and the measured values of the voltages.

Abstract: A device for measuring an impedance between first and second nodes in an electrical circuit without removing components includes at least one current source to provide first and second currents or current signals of known values. First and second probes contact the respective first and second nodes to apply the first and second currents. A third common probe contacts the circuit at a common node that experiences the same current flow as between the first and second nodes. At least one voltage meter measures voltages corresponding to the first and second currents. A processor calculates the impedance based on the known values of the currents, and the measured values of the voltages.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for planting aquatic plants underwater on the bottom of estuaries whereby an aquatic plant which is ready for transplanting is positioned in a planting nipple having an angular groove in its upper portion. When the planting nipple is brought into contact with the estuary bottom, sea grass plants which are positioned on the angular groove, are planted on the estuary bottom. A plurality of planting nipples are incorporated on the periphery of a planting wheel. A watercraft is used to position the planting wheel with its planting nipples over an area to be planted is provided for. With the process and apparatus of this invention, sea grass plants can be planted on the bottom of an estuary in a semiautomated fashion.

Abstract: A process for planting aquatic plants underwater on the bottom of estuarys where an aquatic plant which is ready for transplanting is positioned in a holder having a device for retaining the transplantable plant and a thin base. When the holder is brought into contact with the underwater bottom the thin base engages the underwater bottom and secures the holder including the plant in underwater bottom. A watercraft having apparatus for positioning the holder incorporating the aquatic plant on the bottom of an estuary is also provided for. With this apparatus and the holder of this invention aquatic plants can be planted on the bottom of estuary in a semiautomated fashion. The holder also incorporates an organic buttom which retains the aquatic plant during the planting process.