Abstract: Methods and systems for identifying justification and explanation skills in computer automated scoring of examinee responses by a computer automated scoring criteria that analyzes a response to a prompt, identifies evidence of justification and explanation skills in the response, and outputs an assessment summary. A quick and efficient measurement method of an examinee's justification and explanation skills in mathematical and other constructive response categories where nearly immediate feedback is preferred.

Abstract: The Impact Cushion is a device created to reduce head and facial injury associated with the head banging and face rubbing behavior of acting out children and youth who are being restrained by adult caretakers in prone or supine positions on the floor or ground. The cushion is positioned between the child's or youth's head and the floor or ground to reduce impact to the head and friction on the face.The inside of the Impact Cushion is made of a 16".times.16".times.1.1/8" thick layer of prime virgin polyurethane laminated to crosslink a 16".times.16".times.1.1/4" thick layer polyethylene (total thickness is 2.3/8"). The layers of polyurethane and polyethylene combine to provide a dynamic cushioning effect that absorbs impact. The outside is covered by 18 oz/sq.yd. heavy duty vinyl reinforced with 22.times.22 psi 1000 denier nylon woven fabric; anti bacterial and anti fungal.