Abstract: A measurement apparatus comprising: a plurality of first electrodes, each of the first electrodes being spaced apart by at least a first predetermined spacing; a plurality of second electrodes, each of the second electrodes being spaced apart by at least a second predetermined spacing less than the first predetermined spacing; an energisation source arranged to energise at least one of said first electrodes so as to cause an electric field to be established between at least one pair of said first electrodes, and to energise at least one of said second electrodes so as to cause an electric field to be established between at least one pair of said second electrodes; a monitor arranged to monitor an electrical parameter at at least one of said first electrodes in response to said energisation of at least one of said first electrodes and to monitor an electrical parameter at at least one of said second electrodes in response to said energisation of at least one of said second electrodes; and a controller arranged

Abstract: A density measurement system for measuring the density of a material within a region, the density measurement system comprises: a plurality of electrodes arranged around the region; an energization source arranged to apply an electrical signal to at least one of said electrodes; a monitor arranged to monitor an electrical parameter at at least one of said electrodes, the monitored electrical parameter being caused to change in response to flow of electrical current within the region; and a processor arranged to: generate data indicative of the complex impedance of the material within the region based upon the monitored electrical parameter; and generate data indicative of the density of the material based upon the data indicative of the complex impedance of the material.

Abstract: A method of synchronizing data in a communications system includes generating a composite signal comprising a serial stream of data partitioned in one or more frames, and transmitting the composite signal to a receiver. Multiphase clock signals are generated. The composite signal received at the receiver is compared with each of the multiphase clock signals until either sustained coincidence therebetween is achieved or sustained non-coincidence is achieved, thereby synchronizing the receiver to bit boundaries in the composite signal and to one or more of the clock phase signals. One or more bit templates at the receiver is correlated with one or more corresponding bit templates in the composite signal received at the receiver to determine where frames start in the composite signal, thereby synchronizing the receiver to the one or more frames in the composite signal.

Abstract: A method of synchronising data in a communications system (10) comprises the steps of: (a) Generating at transmitting means (20) a composite signal comprising a serial stream of data partitioned in one or more frames; (b) transmitting the composite signal through communicating means (50) to receiving means (30); (c) generating multiphase clock signals; (d) comparing the composite signal received at the receiving means with each of the multiphase clock signals until either sustained coincidence therebetween is achieved or sustained non-coincidence is achieved, thereby synchronising the receiving means to bit boundaries in the composite signal and to one or more of the clock phase signals; (e) correlating one or more bit templates at the receiving means with one or more corresponding bit templates in the composite signal received at the receiving means to determine where frames start in the composite signal, thereby synchronising the receiving means to the one or more frames in the composite signal.