Abstract: A conductive member includes: a substrate; an elastic layer provided on the substrate; and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer, in which the surface layer contains a conductive agent and has a sea/island structure that consists of a sea portion containing a first resin and an island portion containing a second resin, and a distance R between the island portions and a radius r of the island portion in a cross-section of the surface layer satisfy the following Expression (1-1), ?0.20?R?2r?0.40.

Abstract: A contact charging type image forming apparatus, to which only a direct current voltage is applied, includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive base material A and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive base material A, and a charging member that includes a conductive base material B and an elastic layer provided on the conductive base material B, in which in a case where a dielectric film thickness of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is defined as L, and a resistance component of an impedance of the charging member in a range of 1 Hz or greater and 500 Hz or less, which is measured by an alternating current impedance method, is defined as R, Expression (1) is satisfied. L<?0.75×loge(R)+15.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a resin, and particles having an average primary particle diameter of 8 nm or more and 20 nm or less. In a volume frequency distribution of the particles determined by small-angle X-ray scattering measurement, the ratio (area B/area A) of graph area B of a particle diameter region of over 35 nm to graph area A of a particle diameter region of 35 nm or less is 0.3 or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a conductive agent and has a sea-island structure including a sea containing a first resin and islands containing a second resin. The area occupancy of the islands in a cross section of the surface layer is 10% or more and 50% or less.

Abstract: A charging member of a contact charging system that applies only a direct-current voltage to the charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. When measured by an alternating-current impedance method within a range of 1 MHz to 1 mHz in an environment at a temperature of 28° C. and a humidity of 85%, a resistance component R of an impedance within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is 4.0×104 ? or more and 1.0×106 ? or less and an impedance Z within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is over 3.6×104 ? and 3.5×105 ? or less.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a resin, and particles having an average primary particle diameter of 8 nm or more and 20 nm or less. In a volume frequency distribution of the particles determined by small-angle X-ray scattering measurement, the ratio (area B/area A) of graph area B of a particle diameter region of over 35 nm to graph area A of a particle diameter region of 35 nm or less is 0.3 or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a conductive agent and has a sea-island structure including a sea containing a first resin and islands containing a second resin. The area occupancy of the islands in a cross section of the surface layer is 10% or more and 50% or less.

Abstract: A charging member of a contact charging system that applies only a direct-current voltage to the charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. When measured by an alternating-current impedance method within a range of 1 MHz to 1 mHz in an environment at a temperature of 28° C. and a humidity of 85%, a resistance component R of an impedance within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is 4.0×104? or more and 1.0×106? or less and an impedance Z within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is over 3.6×104? and 3.5×105? or less.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer body includes a base layer and a surface layer disposed on the base layer, in which surface layer includes a sea-island structure that includes a sea phase and an island phase, in which the sea phase includes a resin, the island phase including an organopolysiloxane.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer body includes a base layer and a surface layer disposed on the base layer, in which surface layer includes a sea-island structure that includes a sea phase and an island phase, in which the sea phase includes a resin, the island phase including an organopolysiloxane.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a substrate layer, and a first surface layer that is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the substrate layer and that includes a cross-linked fluororesin layer. A layer containing a cross-linked fluororesin forms the inner circumferential surface of the belt. Martens hardness of the inner circumferential surface of the belt at 130° C. is higher than Martens hardness of the outer circumferential surface of the belt at 130° C.

Abstract: An endless belt includes: a resin; and electrically conductive particles, wherein an integrated discharge amount is 350 ?C or less. The integrated discharge amount is determined by disposing an electrode at a position spaced 60 ?m apart from the outer circumferential surface of the belt, applying a voltage to the electrode, and measuring the amount of discharge for a period of 1 second after the voltage reaches 1300 V.

Abstract: An endless belt contains: a resin; electrically conductive carbon particles; and a surfactant. When polyester resin particles having a volume average particle diameter of 4.7 ?m are caused to adhere to an outer circumferential surface of the endless belt and then air is blown onto the outer circumferential surface from an upper side of the outer circumferential surface while the blowing pressure of the air is increased, all the polyester resin particles adhering to the outer circumferential surface are separated from the outer circumferential surface before or when the blowing pressure reaches 6 kPa.

Abstract: An endless belt includes: a resin; and electrically conductive particles, wherein an integrated discharge amount is 350 ?C or less. The integrated discharge amount is determined by disposing an electrode at a position spaced 60 ?m apart from the outer circumferential surface of the belt, applying a voltage to the electrode, and measuring the amount of discharge for a period of 1 second after the voltage reaches 1300 V.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a substrate layer, and a first surface layer that is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the substrate layer and that includes a cross-linked fluororesin layer. A layer containing a cross-linked fluororesin forms the inner circumferential surface of the belt. Martens hardness of the inner circumferential surface of the belt at 130° C. is higher than Martens hardness of the outer circumferential surface of the belt at 130° C.

Abstract: An image-forming-apparatus sliding member includes a woven base and a cover layer disposed on at least one surface of the woven base. The average height of projections and depressions on a sliding surface is greater than or equal to 40 ?m and smaller than or equal to 90 ?m, and an average distance between the projections and the depressions is greater than or equal to 700 ?m and smaller than or equal to 1600 ?m.