Abstract: There are provided hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) having high solubility even when keeping the molar substitution (MS) of hydroxypropoxy groups conventional; and others. More specifically, there are provided HPMC having a molar substitution (MS) of hydroxypropoxy groups of from 0.1 to 0.5, a ratio (referred to as “MF at 3-position/MS”) of 0.12 or more, as calculated by dividing a molar fraction (referred to as “MF at 3-position”) of anhydroglucose units in which only a hydroxy group at the 3-position carbon is substituted with a hydroxypropoxy group and none of hydroxy groups at the 2-position and 6-position carbons is substituted with a hydroxypropoxy group by the molar substitution (referred to as “MS”) of hydroxypropoxy groups, and a viscosity at 20° C. of more than 50 mPa·s and not more than 150000 mPa·s, as determined in a 2% by mass aqueous solution; and others.

Abstract: There are provided hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) having a high solubility in an organic solvent even when it has a degree of substitution (DS) of methoxy groups and a molar substitution (MS) of hydroxypropoxy group which are the same as those in the conventional art; and others. Specifically, there are provided HPMC having the MS of from 0.1 to 0.5; a ratio (referred to as “MF at 3-position/MS”) of 0.12 or more, as calculated by dividing a molar fraction (referred to as “MF at 3-position”) of anhydroglucose units in which only a hydroxy group at the 3-position carbon is substituted with a hydroxypropoxy group and none of hydroxy groups at the 2-position and 6-position carbons is substituted with a hydroxypropoxy group by the MS; and a viscosity at 20° C. of from 1.0 to 50 mPa·s, as determined in a 2% by mass aqueous solution; and others.

Abstract: There is provides a method for producing sieved low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC) at improved yield, while maintaining flowability and tablet properties. More specifically, there is provided a method for producing sieved L-HPC including a first sieving step of sieving L-HPC having a hydroxypropoxy group content of 5 to 16% by mass with a sieving shaker with horizontal movement of a sieve surface to obtain first sieve-residual L-HPC and first sieve-passed L-HPC, a second sieving step of sieving the first sieve-residual L-HPC with a sieving shaker with vertical movement of a sieve surface to obtain second sieve-residual L-HPC and second sieve-passed L-HPC, and a step of combining the first sieve-passed L-HPC and the second sieve-residual L-HPC to obtain the sieved L-HPC.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing a depolymerized cellulose ether, the method suppressing the formation of coarse aggregates during the contact with an acid aqueous solution in a depolymerization reaction, and reducing the amounts of aggregates and black contaminants, while suppressing yellowness. More specifically, there is provided a method for producing a depolymerized cellulose ether, the method including a depolymerization step of depolymerizing a cellulose ether by bring the cellulose ether of 45 to 95° C. into contact with an acid aqueous solution of 55 to 98° C. to obtain a depolymerized cellulose ether.

Abstract: A supercharging pressure setting apparatus, includes: an engine mounted on a vehicle; a supercharger compressing an intake air introduced to the engine; a supercharger actuator adjusting a supercharging pressure to a target supercharging pressure; and a processor. The processor acquires an intake air amount to the engine; acquires a target intake air amount to the engine; sets the target supercharging pressure based on an operation state of the vehicle; determines whether the operation state of the vehicle is one of an accelerating state and a transition state to the accelerating state; and calculates a difference between the intake air amount and the target intake air amount. The processor sets the target supercharging pressure based on the difference when it is determined that the operation state of the vehicle is one of the accelerating state and the transition state.

Abstract: A supercharging pressure setting apparatus, includes: an engine mounted on a vehicle; a supercharger compressing an intake air introduced to the engine; a supercharger actuator adjusting a supercharging pressure to a target supercharging pressure; and a processor. The processor acquires an intake air amount to the engine; acquires a target intake air amount to the engine; sets the target supercharging pressure based on an operation state of the vehicle; determines whether the operation state of the vehicle is one of an accelerating state and a transition state to the accelerating state; and calculates a difference between the intake air amount and the target intake air amount. The processor sets the target supercharging pressure based on the difference when it is determined that the operation state of the vehicle is one of the accelerating state and the transition state.

Abstract: There is provides a method for producing sieved low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC) at improved yield, while maintaining flowability and tablet properties. More specifically, there is provided a method for producing sieved L-HPC including a first sieving step of sieving L-HPC having a hydroxypropoxy group content of 5 to 16% by mass with a sieving shaker with horizontal movement of a sieve surface to obtain first sieve-residual L-HPC and first sieve-passed L-HPC, a second sieving step of sieving the first sieve-residual L-HPC with a sieving shaker with vertical movement of a sieve surface to obtain second sieve-residual L-HPC and second sieve-passed L-HPC, and a step of combining the first sieve-passed L-HPC and the second sieve-residual L-HPC to obtain the sieved L-HPC.

Abstract: In the present disclosure, pressurized fuel is directly injected from a fuel injection valve into a cylinder, and a fuel pressure is controlled to a target fuel pressure. A target fuel pressure during early depressurization is calculated on the basis of a target amount of intake air that is a target load of an internal-combustion engine, a target fuel pressure during a normal state is set on the basis of an actual amount of intake air that is an actual load of the internal-combustion engine, and a lower one of the target fuel pressure during early depressurization and the target fuel pressure during a normal state is set as the target fuel pressure.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine with a supercharger includes a boost-pressure detector. When first boost pressure control to control the supercharger such that a boost pressure reaches a target pressure starts, starts, the target pressure is set to an initial target pressure, gradually at a first rate, and then gradually increased to a steady-state target boost pressure at a second rate smaller than the first rate if the boost pressure is equal to or higher than a threshold pressure. Second boost pressure control is performed such that the boost pressure reaches a steady-state target boost pressure. Inhibiting/allowing circuitry is configured to inhibit execution of the first boost pressure control and allow execution of the second boost pressure control if the boost pressure is lower than the steady-state target boost pressure and if the steady-state target boost pressure is lower than the threshold pressure.

Abstract: In the present disclosure, pressurized fuel is directly injected from a fuel injection valve into a cylinder, and a fuel pressure is controlled to a target fuel pressure. A target fuel pressure during early depressurization is calculated on the basis of a target amount of intake air that is a target load of an internal-combustion engine, a target fuel pressure during a normal state is set on the basis of an actual amount of intake air that is an actual load of the internal-combustion engine, and a lower one of the target fuel pressure during early depressurization and the target fuel pressure during a normal state is set as the target fuel pressure.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine with a supercharger includes a boost-pressure detector. When first boost pressure control to control the supercharger such that a boost pressure reaches a target pressure starts, starts, the target pressure is set to an initial target pressure, gradually at a first rate, and then gradually increased to a steady-state target boost pressure at a second rate smaller than the first rate if the boost pressure is equal to or higher than a threshold pressure. Second boost pressure control is performed such that the boost pressure reaches a steady-state target boost pressure. Inhibiting/allowing circuitry is configured to inhibit execution of the first boost pressure control and allow execution of the second boost pressure control if the boost pressure is lower than the steady-state target boost pressure and if the steady-state target boost pressure is lower than the threshold pressure.

Abstract: A fuel injection control apparatus includes a first injection controller, a second injection controller, and a selector. The first injection controller is configured to perform a first injection operation in an intake stroke and is configured to perform a second injection operation in a compression stroke. The second injection controller is configured to perform both the first injection operation and the second injection operation in the intake stroke. The selector is configured to select fuel injection performed by the first injection controller when an internal combustion engine is in a warm-up operating state and is configured to select fuel injection performed by the second injection controller when the internal combustion engine is not in the warm-up operating state.

Abstract: A fuel injection control apparatus includes a first injection timing setting device, a target second injection timing setting device, a reference injection timing calculator, and a second injection timing setting device. The reference injection timing calculator is configured to calculate, as a reference injection timing, a timing at which a second-injection boosting operation is to be completed. The second-injection boosting operation is to re-boost a reduced voltage which has been reduced because of an execution of a first injection operation by using a booster circuit. The second injection timing setting device is configured to set, as a second injection timing at which a second injection operation is to be started, a later one of a target second injection timing set by the target second injection timing setting device and the reference injection timing calculated by the reference injection timing calculator.

Abstract: A fuel injection control apparatus includes a first injection timing setting device, a target second injection timing setting device, a reference injection timing calculator, and a second injection timing setting device. The reference injection timing calculator is configured to calculate, as a reference injection timing, a timing at which a second-injection boosting operation is to be completed. The second-injection boosting operation is to re-boost a reduced voltage which has been reduced because of an execution of a first injection operation by using a booster circuit. The second injection timing setting device is configured to set, as a second injection timing at which a second injection operation is to be started, a later one of a target second injection timing set by the target second injection timing setting device and the reference injection timing calculated by the reference injection timing calculator.

Abstract: A fuel injection control apparatus includes a first injection controller, a second injection controller, and a selector. The first injection controller is configured to perform a first injection operation in an intake stroke and is configured to perform a second injection operation in a compression stroke. The second injection controller is configured to perform both the first injection operation and the second injection operation in the intake stroke. The selector is configured to select fuel injection performed by the first injection controller when an internal combustion engine is in a warm-up operating state and is configured to select fuel injection performed by the second injection controller when the internal combustion engine is not in the warm-up operating state.