Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for preventing and/or treating a virus infection contains administering a type I and/or type III interferon production promoter including Clostridium butyricum or a culture thereof to a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, a method for promoting production of an interferon contains administering an effective amount of Clostridium butyricum or a culture thereof to a subject.

Abstract: A nip formation pad includes a base, a high thermal conduction member, and an attachment. The high thermal conduction member has a thermal conductivity greater than a thermal conductivity of the base. The attachment is attached to the high thermal conduction member by elastic deformation of the attachment on the base held between the high thermal conduction member and the attachment.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a fixing rotator, a first heater, a second heater, and circuitry. The first heater heats a region on the fixing rotator to heat a recording medium having a width smaller than a predetermined width. The second heater heats a region on the fixing rotator to heat a maximum recording medium used in the fixing device. The second heater has a heat generation distribution in which a heat generation amount of each of both end portions corresponding to both end portions of the maximum recording medium in a width direction of the recording medium is larger than a heat generation amount of a center portion. The circuitry determines whether to turn on the first heater and turn off the second heater or to turn on both the first heater and the second heater based on a required power to bring the fixing rotator to a fixing temperature.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes a fixing device that has a heater, and a required power calculation unit that determines a power Pfsr that is assumed to be required by the heater. Based on a difference between a required power that is determined by the required power calculation unit and a suppliable power, the image forming apparatus selects whether to start printing in a normal mode or to start printing in a power saving mode in which the power that is supplied to the heater is reduced in comparison to the normal mode. The power saving mode includes a plurality of modes, and when a CPU selects the power saving mode, the CPU selects one or a combination of modes from among the plurality of power saving modes based on the aforementioned difference.

Abstract: A nip former that forms a nip between an endless belt and a pressure rotator includes a base that is made of aluminum and has a nip forming face disposed opposite the nip. An anodic oxidation coating is treated with sealing and coats at least the nip forming face. The anodic oxidation coating has a thickness that is not smaller than 22 ?m and is not greater than 45 ?m and a variation in thickness that is not greater than 20 percent. The base and the anodic oxidation coating define a nip forming portion that is disposed opposite the nip. The nip forming portion has a thickness that is not smaller than 0.40 mm and is not greater than 1.20 mm.

Abstract: A nip former that forms a nip between an endless belt and a pressure rotator includes a base that is made of aluminum and has a nip forming face disposed opposite the nip. An anodic oxidation coating is treated with sealing and coats at least the nip forming face. The anodic oxidation coating has a thickness that is not smaller than 22 ?m and is not greater than 45 ?m and a variation in thickness that is not greater than 20 percent. The base and the anodic oxidation coating define a nip forming portion that is disposed opposite the nip. The nip forming portion has a thickness that is not smaller than 0.40 mm and is not greater than 1.20 mm.

Abstract: A nip formation pad includes a base, a high thermal conduction member, and an attachment. The high thermal conduction member has a thermal conductivity greater than a thermal conductivity of the base. The attachment is attached to the high thermal conduction member by elastic deformation of the attachment on the base held between the high thermal conduction member and the attachment.

Abstract: A sole includes a buffer member extending along an axis connecting a toe and a heel, the buffer member being twisted around the axis along at least part of the axis.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes a fixing device that has a heater, and a required power calculation unit that determines a power Pfsr that is assumed to be required by the heater. Based on a difference between a required power that is determined by the required power calculation unit and a suppliable power, the image forming apparatus selects whether to start printing in a normal mode or to start printing in a power saving mode in which the power that is supplied to the heater is reduced in comparison to the normal mode. The power saving mode includes a plurality of modes, and when a CPU selects the power saving mode, the CPU selects one or a combination of modes from among the plurality of power saving modes based on the aforementioned difference.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a fixing rotator that is endless and rotates in a rotation direction and a pressure rotator that contacts an outer circumferential surface of the fixing rotator to form a nip between the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator. A flange is disposed opposite each lateral end of the fixing rotator in an axial direction of the fixing rotator and contacts an inner circumferential surface of the fixing rotator. The flange includes a first portion disposed farthest from the nip and a second portion disposed in proximity to the nip. The flange is inclined to define a distance from the inner circumferential surface of the fixing rotator to the flange in a separation direction in which the flange separates from the inner circumferential surface of the fixing rotator. The distance increases from the first portion to the second portion.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes a fixing device that has a heater, and a required power calculation unit that determines a power Pfsr that is assumed to be required by the heater. Based on a difference between a required power that is determined by the required power calculation unit and a suppliable power, the image forming apparatus selects whether to start printing in a normal mode or to start printing in a power saving mode in which the power that is supplied to the heater is reduced in comparison to the normal mode. The power saving mode includes a plurality of modes, and when a CPU selects the power saving mode, the CPU selects one or a combination of modes from among the plurality of power saving modes based on the aforementioned difference.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member configured to bear a non-fixed toner image, a transfer portion configured to transfer the non-fixed toner image onto a sheet at a transfer nip, a fixing portion including a first rotary member, a second rotary member and a heating portion configured to heat the first rotary member, a control portion configured to execute a nip image forming process of forming a nip image, on the sheet, corresponding to a shape of the fixing nip, and a reading unit configured to read the nip image, wherein the control portion sets the heating portion to a first temperature in a case where the non-fixed toner image passes through the fixing nip and sets the heating portion to a second temperature which is lower than the first temperature in a case where the nip image passes through the fixing nip.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a fixing rotator that is endless and rotates in a rotation direction and a pressure rotator that contacts an outer circumferential surface of the fixing rotator to form a nip between the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator. A flange is disposed opposite each lateral end of the fixing rotator in an axial direction of the fixing rotator and contacts an inner circumferential surface of the fixing rotator. The flange includes a first portion disposed farthest from the nip and a second portion disposed in proximity to the nip. The flange is inclined to define a distance from the inner circumferential surface of the fixing rotator to the flange in a separation direction in which the flange separates from the inner circumferential surface of the fixing rotator. The distance increases from the first portion to the second portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member configured to bear a non-fixed toner image, a transfer portion configured to transfer the non-fixed toner image onto a sheet at a transfer nip, a fixing portion including a first rotary member, a second rotary member and a heating portion configured to heat the first rotary member, a control portion configured to execute a nip image forming process of forming a nip image, on the sheet, corresponding to a shape of the fixing nip, and a reading unit configured to read the nip image, wherein the control portion sets the heating portion to a first temperature in a case where the non-fixed toner image passes through the fixing nip and sets the heating portion to a second temperature which is lower than the first temperature in a case where the nip image passes through the fixing nip.

Abstract: When an image forming portion continuously forms a toner image on a plurality of recording materials, an acquiring portion, which acquires information on the toner on the recording materials from the image information, acquires a coverage ratio, which is a ratio of an image portion, that is, a toner laid-on portion in a predetermined region of the recording material, with respect to the predetermined region, for a plurality of recording materials, and an power control portion controls the power supplied to a heating element of a heater in a fixing portion for each of the plurality of recording materials based on a control target temperature, which is determined by correcting a reference target temperature in the predetermined region by a correction amount reflecting the history of the coverage ratio in the plurality of recording materials.

Abstract: When an image forming portion continuously forms a toner image on a plurality of recording materials, an acquiring portion, which acquires information on the toner on the recording materials from the image information, acquires a coverage ratio, which is a ratio of an image portion, that is, a toner laid-on portion in a predetermined region of the recording material, with respect to the predetermined region, for a plurality of recording materials, and an power control portion controls the power supplied to a heating element of a heater in a fixing portion for each of the plurality of recording materials based on a control target temperature, which is determined by correcting a reference target temperature in the predetermined region by a correction amount reflecting the history of the coverage ratio in the plurality of recording materials.

Abstract: A flexible member includes a reinforced area reinforced by first and second reinforcement portions, wherein: the area is defined by the posterior edge of a first reinforcement portion and the anterior edge of a second reinforcement portion; the first and second reinforcement portions are smoothly continuous with each other without gaps; the perimeter of the area is completely surrounded by the first and second reinforcement portions; the virtual first center line of the area extends obliquely forward and upward; and the angle formed between the first center line and the tread surface of the sole is about 40° to 55°.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes a fixing device that has a heater, and a required power calculation unit that determines a power Pfsr that is assumed to be required by the heater. Based on a difference between a required power that is determined by the required power calculation unit and a suppliable power, the image forming apparatus selects whether to start printing in a normal mode or to start printing in a power saving mode in which the power that is supplied to the heater is reduced in comparison to the normal mode. The power saving mode includes a plurality of modes, and when a CPU selects the power saving mode, the CPU selects one or a combination of modes from among the plurality of power saving modes based on the aforementioned difference.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a cylindrical rotatable heating member; a nip-forming member having a first surface and a second surface opposite from the first surface and contacting an inner surface of the rotatable heating member at the first surface; a supporting member having a supporting surface, contacting the second surface, for supporting the nip-forming member; and a pressing member for forming a nip in cooperation with the nip-forming member though the rotatable heating member. A recording material on which an image is formed is heated at the nip while being feed through the nip, and the image is fixed on the recording material. The supporting surface of the supporting member supports the second surface of the nip-forming member so that the nip-forming member is swingable relative to the supporting member about an axis substantially parallel with a rotational axis of the cylindrical rotatable heating member.