Abstract: A variable valve timing apparatus, and internal combustion engine incorporating the same, that allows the timing of the opening and/or closing of intake and/or exhaust cylinder valves to be altered relative to a reference timing. As a result, the timing of the valve event can be adjusted relative to a phase of the crankshaft and/or the cycle of the pistons.

Abstract: A variable valve timing apparatus, and internal combustion engine incorporating the same, that allows the timing of the opening and/or closing of intake and/or exhaust cylinder valves to be altered relative to a reference timing.

Abstract: A silencing system for a marine exhaust system incorporates a single muffler for each engine of the marine vessel. The muffler is provided with two sound dampening chambers interconnected by several exhaust openings between the chambers. A Y-shaped exhaust type system directs exhaust streams from both sides of an engine toward a single exhaust conduit which extends through a transom of the marine vessel. The muffler is provided with a drain opening that allows water to flow out of the first chamber of the muffler in order to maximize the available volume within that chamber for use in sound attenuation. The outlet of the second chamber is provided with a baffle plate that directs the flow of exhaust gas in a forward direction toward the transom of the marine vessel and a deflection surface that directs the exhaust gas to flow in a downward direction toward the surface of the body of water in which the marine vessel is operated.