Abstract: A turbidity sensor apparatus and method for measuring very low concentrations of particles in a fluid. The turbidity sensor comprises a laser light source for emitting laser light through a fluid. Such a fluid may be hydraulic fluid, oil, water utilized in water purification systems, or other translucent fluids. The turbidity sensor includes a first light-sensitive detector located 90 degrees to incident laser light emitted from the laser light source, and a second light-sensitive detector located at an angle obtuse to the incident laser light emitted from the laser light source, wherein the first and second light-sensitive detectors respectively measure side scattered light and forward scattered light reflected from particles contained within the fluid that come into contact with laser light emitted from the laser light source, thereby providing an accurate and reliable measurement of very low concentrations of particles within the fluid.

Abstract: A turbidity sensor apparatus and method for measuring very low concentrations of particles in a fluid. The turbidity sensor comprises a laser light source for emitting laser light through a fluid. Such a fluid may be hydraulic fluid, oil, water utilized in water purification systems, or other translucent fluids. The turbidity sensor includes a first light-sensitive detector located 90 degrees to incident laser light emitted from the laser light source, and a second light-sensitive detector located at an angle obtuse to the incident laser light emitted from the laser light source, wherein the first and second light-sensitive detectors respectively measure side scattered light and forward scattered light reflected from particles contained within the fluid that come into contact with laser light emitted from the laser light source, thereby providing an accurate and reliable measurement of very low concentrations of particles within the fluid.

Abstract: A railroad brake sensing apparatus particularly suitable for handbrake sensing has a sheave wheel/bellcrank bracket which is slotted to allow the wheel/crank axle to move from a first position when the chain is under tension and the brake is applied; to a second position when the chain is slack and the brake is off. A sensor is placed to detect when the wheel/crank is in the second position. The brake sensing apparatus is easily adapted to be used with other forms of brake actuating force and placed with other moving members of the brake rigging.

Abstract: A safety restraint buckle apparatus and method wherein a Hall element is mounted with respect to a housing and a magnet is mounted with respect to the housing, at a distance from the Hall element. A latch is movably mounted between a latched position and an unlatched position. A tongue is movable between an engaged position within the housing and a disengaged position. In the engaged position of the tongue, the latch is in the latched position. An ejector with a pole piece or a pole member is movably mounted between a loaded position and an unloaded position. When the ejector is in the unloaded position, the Hall element operates in a high magnetic state. When the ejector is in the loaded position and the tongue is in the engaged position, the Hall element operates in a low magnetic state because the magnetic flux density is shunted through the tongue.