Abstract: Examples herein include apparatus and techniques that can be used to perform rotational spectroscopy on gas-phase samples. Such techniques can include using a spectrometer providing frequency synthesis and pulse modulation to provide excitation (e.g., pump or probe pulses) of a gas-phase sample at mm-wave frequencies. Synthesis of such mm-wave frequencies can include use of a frequency multiplier, such as an active multiplier chain (AMC). A free induction decay (FID) elicited by the excitation or other time-domain information can be obtained from the sample, such as down-converted and digitized. A frequency domain representation of the digitized information, such as a Fourier transformed representation, can be used to provide a rotational spectrum.

Abstract: A pulse train comprising chirped pulses can be used to excite a sample, such as for spectroscopic analysis. The respective chirped pulses can include a frequency sweep to establish a first frequency-domain comb. A width of frequency-domain comb peaks can be established at least in part by a total duration of the pulse train, and a bandwidth of the first frequency-domain comb can be determined at least in part by a bandwidth of the frequency sweep of the respective chirped pulses. A free-space or enclosed sample interaction region can be used.

Abstract: A pulse train comprising chirped pulses can be used to excite a sample, such as for spectroscopic analysis. The respective chirped pulses can include a frequency sweep to establish a first frequency-domain comb. A width of frequency-domain comb peaks can be established at least in part by a total duration of the pulse train, and a bandwidth of the first frequency-domain comb can be determined at least in part by a bandwidth of the frequency sweep of the respective chirped pulses. A free-space or enclosed sample interaction region can be used.

Abstract: A pulse train comprising chirped pulses can be used to excite a sample, such as for spectroscopic analysis. The respective chirped pulses can include a frequency sweep to establish a first frequency-domain comb. A width of frequency-domain comb peaks can be established at least in part by a total duration of the pulse train, and a bandwidth of the first frequency-domain comb can be determined at least in part by a bandwidth of the frequency sweep of the respective chirped pulses. A free-space or enclosed sample interaction region can be used.

Abstract: Examples herein include apparatus and techniques that can be used to perform rotational spectroscopy on gas-phase samples. Such techniques can include using a spectrometer providing frequency synthesis and pulse modulation to provide excitation (e.g., pump or probe pulses) of a gas-phase sample at mm-wave frequencies. Synthesis of such mm-wave frequencies can include use of a frequency multiplier, such as an active multiplier chain (AMC). A free induction decay (FID) elicited by the excitation or other time-domain information can be obtained from the sample, such as down-converted and digitized. A frequency domain representation of the digitized information, such as a Fourier transformed representation, can be used to provide a rotational spectrum.

Abstract: An adjustable optical cell assembly includes a hollow body defining a cavity and a plurality of optical elements rigidly affixed within the cavity. A first actuator is configured to apply a force to an external surface of the hollow body sufficient to elastically deform at least a portion of the hollow body such one of a distance and a relative orientation between first and second optical elements of the plurality of optical elements is responsively altered.

Abstract: Apparatus and techniques can include optically exciting an analyte gas in an optically-resonant cavity using optical energy having a first range of wavelengths including a wavelength specified to provide a metastable excited state of a species to be probed in the analyte gas. Such optical excitation can be referred to as “pre-excitation.” Optical energy having a second range of wavelengths can be coupled to the optically resonant cavity, including a wavelength specified to be absorbed using the metastable excited state of the species to be probed in the analyte gas, and outcoupled to a detector. One or more of a decay rate or a decay duration (e.g., a “ring-down” characteristic) can be monitored, such as to determine a presence or quantity of the species in the analyte gas. Such pre-excitation and probing can be referred to as Pre-Excitation Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (PE-CRDS), such as for trace detection of mercury.

Abstract: A pulse train comprising chirped pulses can be used to excite a sample, such as for spectroscopic analysis. The respective chirped pulses can include a frequency sweep to establish a first frequency-domain comb. A width of frequency-domain comb peaks can be established at least in part by a total duration of the pulse train, and a bandwidth of the first frequency-domain comb can be determined at least in part by a bandwidth of the frequency sweep of the respective chirped pulses. A free-space or enclosed sample interaction region can be used.

Abstract: A pulse train comprising chirped pulses of electromagnetic energy can be used to excite a sample, such as for spectroscopic analysis. The respective chirped pulses can include a frequency sweep across a first specified bandwidth during a respective chirped pulse duration, the respective chirped pulse duration establishing a first frequency-domain comb peak separation. A width of a frequency-domain comb peak can be established at least in part by a total duration of the pulse train, and a bandwidth of the first frequency-domain comb can be determined at least in part by the first specified bandwidth of the frequency sweep of the respective chirped pulses.

Abstract: An adjustable optical cell assembly includes a hollow body defining a cavity and a plurality of optical elements rigidly affixed within the cavity. A first actuator is configured to apply a force to an external surface of the hollow body sufficient to elastically deform at least a portion of the hollow body such one of a distance and a relative orientation between first and second optical elements of the plurality of optical elements is responsively altered.

Abstract: A pulse train comprising chirped pulses of electromagnetic energy can be used to excite a sample, such as for spectroscopic analysis. The respective chirped pulses can include a frequency sweep across a first specified bandwidth during a respective chirped pulse duration, the respective chirped pulse duration establishing a first frequency-domain comb peak separation. A width of a frequency-domain comb peak can be established at least in part by a total duration of the pulse train, and a bandwidth of the first frequency-domain comb can be determined at least in part by the first specified bandwidth of the frequency sweep of the respective chirped pulses.

Abstract: An apparatus for detection and measurement of trace species in a gas or liquid sample. A sensor of a ring down cell formed from an optical fiber is exposed to the sample gas or liquid. A coherent source emits radiation into the optical fiber loop, which in turn is received at an output coupler. The fiber optic ring is coupled to a sensor which has a portion thereof, between the input and output, exposed to the sample gas or sample liquid. The sensor has an enhanced evanescent region. A processor is coupled to the receiver and determines the level of trace species in the gas or liquid sample based on the rate of decay of the radiation within the fiber optic ring.

Abstract: A method for detection and measurement of trace species in a gas or liquid sample is provided. The method comprises forming a sensor from an optical fiber by tapering a portion the optical fiber along a length thereof, exposing the tapered portion of the optic fiber to the sample gas or sample liquid, emitting radiation from a coherent source, coupling at least a portion of the radiation emitted from the coherent source into the fiber optic ring, receiving a portion of the radiation traveling in the fiber optic ring, and determining the level of trace species in the gas or liquid sample based on a rate of decay of the radiation within the fiber optic ring.

Abstract: An apparatus for detection and measurement of trace species in a gas or liquid sample. A sensor of a ring down cell formed from an optical fiber is exposed to the sample gas or liquid. A coherent source emits radiation into the optical fiber loop, which in turn is received at an output coupler. The fiber optic ring is coupled to a sensor which has a portion thereof, between the input and output, exposed to the sample gas or sample liquid. The sensor has an enhanced evanescent region. A processor is coupled to the receiver and determines the level of trace species in the gas or liquid sample based on the rate of decay of the radiation within the fiber optic ring.

Abstract: An apparatus for detection and measurement of trace species in a gas or liquid sample. A ring down cell formed from a fiber optic ring is exposed to the sample gas or liquid. A coherent source emits radiation into the fiber optic ring, which in turn is received at an output thereof. The fiber optic ring has a portion thereof, between the input and output, exposed to the sample gas or sample liquid. A processor is coupled to the receiver and determines the level of trace species in the gas or liquid sample based on the rate of decay of the radiation within the fiber optic ring.

Abstract: An apparatus for measurement of strain in a material. The apparatus comprises a passive fiber optic ring; at least one sensor having a predetermined shape and in line with the fiber optic ring, the at least one sensor coupled to the substrate; coupling means for i) introducing a portion of radiation emitted by the coherent source to the passive fiber optic ring and ii) receiving a portion of the radiation resonant in the passive fiber optic ring; a detector for detecting a level of the radiation received by the coupling means and generating a signal responsive thereto; and a processor coupled to the detector for determining a level of the strain inducing into the substrate based on a rate of decay of the signal generated by the detector.

Abstract: An apparatus for detection and measurement of trace species in a gas or liquid sample. A ring down cell formed from a fiber optic ring is exposed to the sample gas or liquid. A coherent source emits radiation into the fiber optic ring, which in turn is received at an output thereof. The fiber optic ring has a portion thereof, between the input and output, exposed to the sample gas or sample liquid. A processor is coupled to the receiver and determines the level of trace species in the gas or liquid sample based on the rate of decay of the radiation within the fiber optic ring.

Abstract: An apparatus for detection and measurement of trace species in a gas or liquid sample. A sensor of a ring down cell formed from an optical fiber is exposed to the sample gas or liquid. A coherent source emits radiation into the optical fiber loop, which in turn is received at an output coupler. The fiber optic ring is coupled to a sensor which has a portion thereof, between the input and output, exposed to the sample gas or sample liquid. The sensor has an enhanced evanescent region. A processor is coupled to the receiver and determines the level of trace species in the gas or liquid sample based on the rate of decay of the radiation within the fiber optic ring.

Abstract: A stable resonator for a ring-down cavity spectroscopy cell having an optic axis. The resonator includes two Brewster's angle retroreflector prisms, each having a plurality of total internal reflection surfaces, with one of the total internal reflection surfaces of at least one of the prisms having a curved surface (either a ground curved surface or a surface curved by the addition, through optically contacting or gluing, of a plano-convex lens to the surface). The prisms are disposed in alignment along the optic axis of the resonator. A spherical mirror or lens, tilted from normal incidence to produce a desired degree of astigmatism, mode matches the radiation into the resonator. One or both of the prisms can be rotated so that light rays enter and leave a surface of the prism nearly at Brewster's angle to the normal of the prism surface. This feature maintains alignment between the prisms and allows the resonator to be tuned.

Abstract: A stable resonator for a ring-down cavity spectroscopy cell having an optic axis. The resonator includes two Brewster's angle retroreflector prisms, at least one prism having greater than two total internal reflection surfaces. The prisms are disposed in alignment along the optic axis of the resonator. One or both of the prisms can be rotated so that light rays enter and leave a surface of the prism nearly at Brewster's angle to the normal of the prism surface. This feature maintains alignment between the prisms and allows the resonator to be tuned. One of the total internal reflection surfaces of at least one of the prisms may be a curved surface (either a ground curved surface or a surface curved by the addition, through optically contacting or gluing, of a plano-convex lens to the surface).